{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:53:04Z","timestamp":1781333584551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 TW010496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 TW010496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI168238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI168238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001246","name":"Ambrose Monell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G45267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G45267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Paris"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002708","name":"Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute Emerging Pathogens Initiative and NIH","award":["AI58615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI58615"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016220","name":"CTSA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yale Infectious Diseases T32","award":["5T32AI007517\u201323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007517\u201323"]}]},{"name":"Global Health Equity Scholars Fellowships","award":["FIC TW010540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIC TW010540"]}]},{"name":"African Academy of Sciences, the African Union, and the European Union"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004460","name":"Rotary Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measuring malaria transmission intensity using the traditional entomological inoculation rate is difficult. Antibody responses to mosquito salivary proteins like SG6 have been used as biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles mosquito bites. Here, we investigate 4 mosquito salivary proteins as potential biomarkers of human exposure to mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium falciparum: mosGILT, SAMSP1, AgSAP, and AgTRIO.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We tested population-level human immune responses in longitudinal and cross-sectional plasma from individuals with known P falciparum infection from low- and moderate-transmission areas in Senegal using a multiplexed magnetic bead\u2013based assay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>AgSAP and AgTRIO were the best indicators of recent exposure to infected mosquitoes. Antibody responses to AgSAP, in a moderate-endemicity area, and to AgTRIO in both low- and moderate-endemicity areas, were significantly higher than nonendemic controls. No antibody responses significantly differed between low- and moderate-transmission areas, or between equivalent groups during and outside the malaria transmission seasons. AgSAP and AgTRIO reactivity peaked 2\u20134 weeks after clinical P falciparum infection and declined 3 months after infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reactivity to AgSAP and AgTRIO reflects exposure to infectious mosquitoes or recent bites rather than general mosquito exposure, highlighting their promise for incorporation into multiplexed assays for serosurveillance of population-level changes in P falciparum\u2013infected mosquito exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T19:15:16Z","timestamp":1730315716000},"page":"e570-e581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Two Mosquito Salivary Antigens Demonstrate Promise as Biomarkers of Recent Exposure to <i>Plasmodium falciparum\u2013<\/i>Infected Mosquito Bites"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Lapidus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan M","family":"Goheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouhamad","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital"},{"name":"International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS), Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awa B","family":"Deme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital"},{"name":"International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS), Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima Mbaye","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital"},{"name":"International Research and Training Center for Applied Genomics and Health Surveillance (CIGASS), Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 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