{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:01:26Z","timestamp":1790654486759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Core Research Institute Program"},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009122","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018-R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018-R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis poses a significant public health challenge due to the lack of an approved human vaccine. We attempted to enhance the efficacy of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing the Leishmania donovani promastigote surface antigen (LdPSA) by adjuvanting with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Here, we evaluated adjuvanted vaccine-induced immune responses and their efficacies in mice challenged with mCherry-expressing L donovani promastigotes. Adjuvanted LdPSA-VLP vaccination significantly elevated parasite-specific IgG serum antibody levels. Additionally, vaccinated mice exhibited enhanced germinal center B cells and splenic T-cell activities as compared with unimmunized mice. Importantly, adjuvanted LdPSA-VLPs reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon \u03b3 and interleukin 6 in visceral organs, leading to decreased total parasite burden and protection against L donovani challenge. Our findings indicate that CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhanced the protection conferred by LdPSA-VLPs, offering a promising step toward effective visceral leishmaniasis vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T18:12:29Z","timestamp":1729793549000},"page":"998-1007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["CpG-Adjuvanted Virus-like Particle Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity Against <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Keon-Woong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Back","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Inje University College of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Malaria, Paik Institute of Clinical Research, Inje University , Busan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Deok","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute, Kyung Hee University , Seoul ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Shi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine"},{"name":"Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute, Kyung Hee University , Seoul ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041514213228300_jiae526-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349","article-title":"A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies","volume":"10","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop 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