{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:25:35Z","timestamp":1785223535116,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI089680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI138953-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI138953-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019778","name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200AA23C00012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200AA23C00012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019778","name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-17-00008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-17-00008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is a malaria control strategy implemented before the rainy season. Nchelenge District, Zambia, is a holoendemic setting where IRS has been conducted since 2008 with little impact on malaria incidence or parasite prevalence. Pre\u2013rainy season IRS may not reduce the post\u2013rainy season peak abundance of the major vector Anopheles funestus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A controlled, pretest-posttest, prospective cohort study assessed the impact of late\u2013rainy season IRS on malaria prevalence, incidence, hazard, and vector abundance. A total of 382 individuals were enrolled across 4 household clusters, of which 2 were sprayed in April 2022 toward the end of the rainy season. Monthly household and individual surveys and indoor overnight vector collections were conducted through August 2022. Multivariate regression and time-to-event analyses estimated the impact of IRS on outcomes measured by rapid diagnostic tests, microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among participants, 72% tested positive by rapid diagnostic test at least once, and incidence by microscopy was 3.4 infections per person-year. Residing in a household in a sprayed area was associated with a 52% reduction in infection hazard (hazards ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, .29\u2013.78) but not with changes in incidence, prevalence, or vector abundance. The study-wide entomologic inoculation rate was 34 infectious bites per person per year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monthly tracking of incidence and prevalence did not demonstrate meaningful changes in holoendemic transmission intensity. However, hazard of infection, which provides greater power for detecting changes in transmission, demonstrated that late\u2013rainy season IRS reduced malaria risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T15:31:47Z","timestamp":1734103907000},"page":"1020-1030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Late\u2013Rainy Season Indoor Residual Spraying on Holoendemic Malaria Transmission: A Cohort Study in Northern Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne C","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins 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