{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T20:13:05Z","timestamp":1773432785604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL155020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL155020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)\u2013related acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) commonly requires hospitalization. The Clinical Progression Scale\u2013Pediatrics (CPS-Ped) measures level of respiratory support and degree of hypoxia across a range of disease severity, but it has not been applied in infants hospitalized with severe RSV-LRTI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from a prospective surveillance registry of infants hospitalized for RSV-related complications across 39 pediatric intensive care units in the United States from October through December 2022. We assigned CPS-Ped (0 = discharged home at respiratory baseline to 8 = death) at admission and days 2\u20137, 10, and 14. We identified predictors of clinical improvement (CPS-Ped \u22642 or 3-point decrease) by day 7 using multivariable log-binomial regression models and estimated the sample size (80% power) to detect 15% between-group clinical improvement with CPS-Ped versus hospital length of stay (LOS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 585 hospitalized infants, 138 (23.6%) received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and 1 died. Failure to clinically improve by day 7 occurred in 205 (35%) infants and was associated with age &amp;lt;3 months, prematurity, underlying respiratory condition, and IMV in the first 24\u2005hours in the multivariable analysis. The estimated sample size per arm required for detecting a 15% clinical improvement in a potential study was 584 using CPS-Ped clinical improvement versus 2031 for hospital LOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CPS-Ped can be used to capture a range of disease severity and track clinical improvement in infants who develop RSV-related critical illness and could be useful for evaluating therapeutic interventions for RSV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T23:22:23Z","timestamp":1736205743000},"page":"1283-1291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Clinical Improvement of Infants Hospitalized for Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u2013Related Critical Illness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon B","family":"Leland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J","family":"Staffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret M","family":"Newhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-1077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Z","family":"Amarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura S","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L","family":"Shein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center , Hartford, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie C","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian G","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Bline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Cullimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nebraska , Omaha, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicki L","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital , Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7166-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asumthia S","family":"Jeyapalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia S","family":"Pannaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Orange County , Orange, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie Z","family":"Cvijanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3351-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt S","family":"Zinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital , San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline B","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania M","family":"Bembea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital , Little Rock, Arkansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle M","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D","family":"Kuebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Babbitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach , Long Beach, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0561-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary G","family":"Gaspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center , Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Nofziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital , Akron, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bria M","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8119-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shira J","family":"Gertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center , Livingston, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin R","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte V","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heda","family":"Dapul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, St Christopher's Hospital for Children , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5220-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara T","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children\u2019s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1393-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney M","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children , Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9451-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari","family":"Wellnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Allen","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8368-4628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassyanne L","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul R","family":"Hymes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Bernard and Millie Duker Children's Hospital, Albany Med Health System , Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela P","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne G","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Pediatric Intensive Care (RSV-PIC) Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merry","family":"Tomcany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly N","family":"Michelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather E","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Ronald C","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lexie","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katri V","family":"Typpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Harwayne-Gidansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suden","family":"Kucukak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SabrinaR","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Listerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Vargas-Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Oberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Zorensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaycee","family":"Jumarang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny L","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Dickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Kietzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Colston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Murdock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Wright-Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maygan","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lacy","family":"Malloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Rohlfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makayla","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya L","family":"Soma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan J","family":"Job","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Mennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamala","family":"Simkhada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina A","family":"Betters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Maranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aubrie","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Havlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Furlong-Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Nason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Gossett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajashri","family":"Rasal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Marlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurithi","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betsy","family":"Tudor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nereyda","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Treister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S","family":"McQuillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Villarreal-Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Kainaroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John V","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy056","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality: a global overview","volume":"217","author":"Obando-Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac120","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus is the leading cause of United States infant hospitalizations, 2009\u20132019: a study of the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample","volume":"226","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877","article-title":"The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children","volume":"360","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa752","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus\u2013associated hospitalization rates among US infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"225","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020039115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-039115","article-title":"Trends in bronchiolitis ICU admissions and ventilation practices: 2010\u20132019","volume":"147","author":"Pelletier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20193611","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3611","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus\u2013associated hospitalizations among young children: 2015\u20132016","volume":"146","author":"Rha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023062574","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062574","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children &lt;5 years old: 2016 to 2020","volume":"153","author":"Curns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B10","first-page":"e0026","article-title":"Increased use of noninvasive ventilation associated with decreased use of invasive devices in children with bronchiolitis","volume":"1","author":"Soshnick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1474","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2742","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis","volume":"134","author":"Ralston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06918-4","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines: management of severe bronchiolitis in infants under 12 months old admitted to a pediatric critical care unit","volume":"49","author":"Milesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2328950","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28950","article-title":"Infants admitted to US intensive care units for RSV infection during the 2022 seasonal peak","volume":"6","author":"Halasa","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081713","article-title":"Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children","volume":"15","author":"Kobialka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0303","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age","volume":"132","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020041723","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-041723","article-title":"Availability of pediatric inpatient services in the United States","volume":"148","author":"Cushing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171096","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1096","article-title":"Availability of definitive hospital care for children","volume":"171","author":"Franca","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110275","article-title":"Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants","volume":"386","author":"Hammitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216480","article-title":"Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants","volume":"388","author":"Kampmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003331","article-title":"The modified clinical progression scale for pediatric patients: evaluation as a severity metric and outcome measure in severe acute viral respiratory illness","volume":"24","author":"Leland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-2050CP","article-title":"Reappraisal of ventilator-free days in critical care research","volume":"200","author":"Yehya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00051","article-title":"Relevant outcomes in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome studies","volume":"4","author":"Yehya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30483-7","article-title":"A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research","volume":"20","author":"World Health Organization Working Group on the Clinical Characterisation and Management of COVID-19 Infection","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003147","article-title":"Executive summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2)","volume":"24","author":"Emeriaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B25","first-page":"100706","article-title":"Child characteristics and health conditions associated with paediatric hospitalisations and length of stay: a population-based study","volume":"32","author":"Schneuer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2416852","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16852","article-title":"Pediatric respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations and respiratory support after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Winthrop","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B27","first-page":"CD001266","article-title":"Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis","volume":"2014","author":"Gadomski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171333","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1333","article-title":"Effect of nebulized hypertonic saline treatment in emergency departments on the hospitalization rate for acute bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"171","author":"Angoulvant","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318218a030","article-title":"Dexamethasone in children mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"van Woensel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1086\/340024","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone in severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection: effects on RSV quantity and clinical outcome","volume":"185","author":"Buckingham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B31","first-page":"CD009194","article-title":"Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants","volume":"2015","author":"Jat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B32","first-page":"CD005189","article-title":"Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children","volume":"6","author":"Spurling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30061-2","article-title":"High-flow warm humidified oxygen versus standard low-flow nasal cannula oxygen for moderate bronchiolitis (HFWHO RCT): an open, phase 4, randomised controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Kepreotes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901926","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01926-2019","article-title":"A randomised trial of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with moderate bronchiolitis","volume":"56","author":"Durand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714855","article-title":"A randomized trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis","volume":"378","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2092","article-title":"Bronchiolitis: recent evidence on diagnosis and management","volume":"125","author":"Zorc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026031304472831300_jiaf018-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad436","article-title":"Validity of clinical severity scores for respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic review","volume":"229","author":"Sheikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf018\/61410153\/jiaf018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/6\/1283\/61410153\/jiaf018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/6\/1283\/61410153\/jiaf018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:47:37Z","timestamp":1773391657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/6\/1283\/7951377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}