{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:24:07Z","timestamp":1784201047652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To identify gaps and define priority actions to strengthen national pandemic preparedness and response plans, we assessed the concordance between national plans for respiratory pathogens against the World Health Organization (WHO) pandemic checklist and the States Parties Annual Report (SPAR) in the Americas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this retrospective, semiquantitative study, we reviewed the most recent respiratory pandemic plans for 35 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) member states and assessed their concordance with (1) actionable guidelines in WHO pandemic checklist and (2) International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) core capacities using the latest SPAR tool. We developed 25 tracking questions to identify gaps, strengths, and opportunities for improvement using a 5-point scale. We compared the average SPAR score and the Pandemic Plans score to assess areas of convergence and variance between preparedness and capacities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed 35 respiratory pandemic plans (2005\u20132024): 29 were influenza specific, 5 were COVID-19 specific, and 1 was not pathogen specific. Most national plans showed limited alignment with the content recommended in the pandemic checklist. The lowest concordance between plans and checklist was in public health and social measures (80% of plans with score of 1); emergency, logistics and supply chain management (74%); and research and development (71%). Conversely, the strongest subcomponents were policy, legal, and normative instruments (45% of plans with score 4 or 5); coordination (46%); and surveillance: early detection and assessment (43%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is recommended that countries build on the strengths of their national pandemic preparedness and response plans and update them using PRET module 1. This will support countries advance the capacities required by the IHR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T12:31:33Z","timestamp":1738413093000},"page":"S90-S99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pandemic Preparedness: Analyzing National Plans for Respiratory Pathogen Pandemics in the Americas Region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Andrea Patricia","family":"Villalobos Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyanna","family":"Wellington Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2253-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoa","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"de la Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britney","family":"McMurren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Almeida Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Redondo-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5343-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam Esther","family":"Blanco Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaya","family":"Astudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1900-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila S","family":"Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5111-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoshanna","family":"Goldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Mancero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Rondy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B2","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.62454\/KA112E","volume-title":"International health regulations (2005), 3rd","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","edition":"edn"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B4","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B5","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B6","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B7","volume-title":"IHR (2005) States Parties self-assessment annual reporting tool,","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B8","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392894","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1392894","article-title":"Preparing for the next respiratory pathogen pandemic: using tabletop simulation exercises to strengthen national planning in Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Lebanon and Mongolia","volume":"12","author":"Chugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B10","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201274","article-title":"A review of Ghana's 2009\u20132013 integrated strategic response plan for pandemic influenza: illustrative study of the perceived adequacy of preparedness for the pandemic influenza of sub-Sahara Africa","volume":"30","author":"Norman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2018.60","article-title":"European pandemic influenza preparedness planning: a review of national plans, July 2016","volume":"13","author":"Droogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290509","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and health system resilience in 14 European countries","volume":"102","author":"Radford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B14","first-page":"99","author":"Osterhaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Recent advances in immunization,"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892008000600012","article-title":"Planificaci\u00f3n de la preparaci\u00f3n para la influenza pand\u00e9mica: esfuerzos regionales","volume":"23","author":"Mujica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B16","volume-title":"Emerging stronger from COVID-19: priorities for health system transformation","author":"National Academy of Medicine","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B17","volume-title":"American health crisis: one hundred years of panic, planning, and politics,","author":"Halliwell","year":"2021","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00628-5","article-title":"A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889-till date on the public health perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00502","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2021.40","article-title":"The global pandemics are getting more frequent and severe","volume":"21","author":"Poorolajal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19361-8","article-title":"Analyzing self-evaluation capacity scores related to infectious disease control in international health regulations during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Satria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006392","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006392","article-title":"Pandemic treaty needs to start with rethinking the paradigm of global health security","volume":"6","author":"Fukuda-Parr","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025031013065408300_jiaf047-B22","volume-title":"Public health and social measures for health emergencies and pandemics in the EU\/EEA: recommendations for strengthening preparedness planning","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf047\/61724095\/jiaf047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/Supplement_2\/S90\/61724095\/jiaf047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/Supplement_2\/S90\/61724095\/jiaf047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T13:07:06Z","timestamp":1741612026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/Supplement_2\/S90\/7994597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}