{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:52:46Z","timestamp":1770421966411,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Human Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S10OD024979-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD024979-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"University of Washington Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition risk may be related to concentrations of HIV-susceptible immune cells in the cervix.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (31 with BV and 30 with normal microbiota) underwent cervical biopsy at a single visit. Immune cells were quantified and sorted using flow cytometry (n = 55), localization assessed by immunofluorescence (n = 16), and function determined by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of live CD45+ cells (n = 21).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Linear regression analyses demonstrated no differences in mean log2 (cells\/mg tissue) between women with BV versus normal microbiota for antigen-presenting cell (APC) subtypes linked to HIV risk (including CD1a+HLA-DR+ Langerhans cells, CD11c+CD14+ dendritic cells [DCs], and CD11c+HLA-DR+ DCs) and CD4+ T cells. Women with BV had a higher median proportion of CD11c+HLA-DR+ APCs (out of total cells) in cervical epithelium (0.1% vs 0.0%; P = .03 using Mann-Whitney test). RNA-seq identified 1032 differentially expressed genes (adjusted P &amp;lt; .05) in CD45+ cells between women with BV versus normal microbiota. Women with BV demonstrated downregulation of pathways linked to translation, metabolism, cell stress, and immune signaling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BV alters immune cell localization and function; future studies are needed to address how these changes may mediate HIV acquisition risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T13:33:30Z","timestamp":1738071210000},"page":"1407-1424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated With Transcriptomic Changes but Not Higher Concentrations of Cervical Leukocytes in a Study of Women at High Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C","family":"Sabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1391-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salwa","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparajita","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Oyaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina L","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Mureithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Mandaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Jaoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbra A","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina A","family":"Gharib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David N","family":"Fredricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javeed A","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R Scott","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.013","article-title":"Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal bacterial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition in young South African women","volume":"46","author":"Gosmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12264","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and the cervicovaginal immune response","volume":"71","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043802","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"353","author":"Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30058-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between the concentrations of key vaginal bacteria and the increased risk of HIV acquisition in African women from five cohorts: a nested case-control study","volume":"18","author":"McClelland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053949","article-title":"Associations between vaginal bacteria implicated in HIV acquisition risk and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines","volume":"96","author":"Sabo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae406","article-title":"Vaginal bacteria and proinflammatory host immune mediators as biomarkers of human immunodeficiency virus acquisition risk among African women","volume":"230","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.019","article-title":"Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract","volume":"42","author":"Anahtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005889","article-title":"Microbiome composition and function drives wound-healing impairment in the female genital tract","volume":"12","author":"Zevin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733619","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.733619","article-title":"Antigen presenting cells link the female genital tract microbiome to mucosal inflammation, with hormonal contraception as an additional modulator of inflammatory signatures","volume":"11","author":"Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.007","article-title":"Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1","volume":"26","author":"Hladik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13443","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05615-11","article-title":"Vaginal Langerhans cells nonproductively transporting HIV-1 mediate infection of T cells","volume":"85","author":"Ballweber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30097-x","article-title":"Immune activation of vaginal human Langerhans cells increases susceptibility to HIV-1 infection","volume":"13","author":"van Teijlingen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110629","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022110629","article-title":"Vaginal bacterium Prevotella timonensis turns protective Langerhans cells into HIV-1 reservoirs for virus dissemination","volume":"41","author":"van Teijlingen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.72","article-title":"Dendritic cells from the human female reproductive tract rapidly capture and respond to HIV","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02719","article-title":"Myeloid cells in intact human cervical explants capture HIV and can transmit it to CD4 T cells","volume":"9","author":"Trifonova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5833-5842.1999","article-title":"Dendritic cell-T-cell interactions support coreceptor-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the human genital tract","volume":"73","author":"Hladik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101427","article-title":"HIV-captured DCs regulate T cell migration and cell-cell contact dynamics to enhance viral spread","volume":"23","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000829","article-title":"A 15-year study of the impact of community antiretroviral therapy coverage on HIV incidence in Kenyan female sex workers","volume":"29","author":"McClelland","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200653","article-title":"Cryopreservation of human mucosal tissues","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01312","article-title":"CD83: activation marker for antigen presenting cells and its therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.03.011","article-title":"A tunable diffusion-consumption mechanism of cytokine propagation enables plasticity in cell-to-cell communication in the immune system","volume":"46","author":"Oyler-Yaniv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107523","article-title":"CytoMAP: a spatial analysis toolbox reveals features of myeloid cell organization in lymphoid tissues","volume":"31","author":"Stoltzfus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00492-0","article-title":"HIV transmitting mononuclear phagocytes; integrating the old and new","volume":"15","author":"Vine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12198","article-title":"Distribution of immune cells in the human cervix and implications for HIV transmission","volume":"71","author":"Trifonova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13212","article-title":"Advances and challenges in studying the tissue-resident T cell compartment in the human female reproductive tract","volume":"316","author":"Lund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.1MR0321-660R","article-title":"Gut microbiota shape B cell in health and disease settings","volume":"110","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03103-7","article-title":"TUSC2 immunogene enhances efficacy of chemo-immuno combination on KRAS\/LKB1 mutant NSCLC in humanized mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Meraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001235","article-title":"ILF3 is a negative transcriptional regulator of innate immune responses and myeloid dendritic cell maturation","volume":"206","author":"Nazitto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0664-6","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer","volume":"122","author":"Opitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16086","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme","volume":"289","author":"Pallotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403250","article-title":"CD87 (urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor), function and pathology in hematological disorders: a review","volume":"18","author":"Bene","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03314-y","article-title":"Structure, function, and pathology of protein O-glucosyltransferases","volume":"12","author":"Mehboob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00123","article-title":"CREB3 transcription factors: ER-Golgi stress transducers as hubs for cellular homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Sampieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.021","article-title":"Gut microbiota and mTOR signaling: insight on a new pathophysiological interaction","volume":"118","author":"Noureldein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0484-y","article-title":"Deptor: not only a mTOR inhibitor","volume":"36","author":"Catena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix088","article-title":"Distinct effects of the cervicovaginal microbiota and herpes simplex type 2 infection on female genital tract immunology","volume":"215","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.28","article-title":"Identification of preferential CD4+ T-cell targets for HIV infection in the cervix","volume":"9","author":"Joag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004092","article-title":"Cellular superspreaders: an epidemiological perspective on HIV infection inside the body","volume":"10","author":"Talbert-Slagle","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.116","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Worbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025071111125644900_jiaf049-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112474","article-title":"Vaginal epithelial dysfunction is mediated by the microbiome, metabolome, and mTOR signaling","volume":"42","author":"Berard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf049\/61663966\/jiaf049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/6\/1407\/61663966\/jiaf049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/6\/1407\/61663966\/jiaf049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T15:13:13Z","timestamp":1752246793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/6\/1407\/7985685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}