{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:49:42Z","timestamp":1791838182552,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since 2008, Quebec (Canada) has had a school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program achieving &amp;gt;90% coverage (\u2265 1 dose) in girls by age 15. In 2018, Quebec was the first jurisdiction to switch to a mixed schedule (nonavalent + bivalent), and as such wanted to evaluate it. However, when devising an evaluation strategy for new vaccine schedules, the presence of herd effect needs to be ascertained. With this in mind, this study aimed to measure HPV prevalence among unvaccinated 16- to 20-year-old sexually active men.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2020\u20132022, men were recruited from schools and online across the province of Quebec. Participants completed an online questionnaire and provided a self-collected penile swab (surface) for HPV detection and genotyping (Anyplex II-HPV28 Detection assay). Risk factors associated with HPV positivity were assessed. Vaccination status (unvaccinated) was verified through the Quebec Vaccination Registry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 369 participants provided a sample suitable for HPV testing. HPV prevalence was 18.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.6%\u201322.8%). Only 2 participants harbored a quadrivalent (4vHPV)-targeted genotype (0.5% [95% CI, .1%\u20131.9%]), both of whom reported sexual contact with men. In multivariate analysis, age, greater number of lifetime sexual partners, and history of other sexually transmitted infections were independently associated with positivity for at least 1 HPV genotype.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The low 4vHPV-targeted genotype prevalence (&amp;lt;1%) among unvaccinated men of the same age as women vaccinated with 4vHPV suggests a strong herd immunity among young adults in Quebec. Evaluation of schedule changes will have to take this finding into account.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04297670.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:29:36Z","timestamp":1740162576000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Unvaccinated 16- to 20-Year-Old Men in Quebec, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3247-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia Gabriela","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des risques biologiques-immunisation, Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Mayrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019obst\u00e9trique-gyn\u00e9cologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Axe carrefour de l'innovation, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Coutl\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe immunopathologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partements clinique de m\u00e9decine de laboratoire et de m\u00e9decine, Services de biologie mol\u00e9culaire et d\u2019infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Sauvageau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Direction des risques biologiques-immunisation, Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B1","author":"Minist\u00e8re de la sant\u00e9 et des services sociaux"},{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B2","author":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec"},{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.057","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a mixed vaccination schedule with one dose of nonavalent and one dose of bivalent HPV vaccine versus two doses of nonavalent vaccine\u2014a randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Gilca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B4","author":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec"},{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis","volume":"8","author":"de Martel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025031212075060400_jiaf094-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens. 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