{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:18:05Z","timestamp":1787206685682,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Einstein Foundation","award":["EC3R EZ-2020-597-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC3R EZ-2020-597-2"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and"},{"name":"Research","award":["Organo-Strat 01KX2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Organo-Strat 01KX2021"]}]},{"name":"Research","award":["82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82DZL009B1"]}]},{"name":"Research","award":["RECAST 01IK20337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RECAST 01IK20337"]}]},{"name":"Research","award":["01GL2401A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL2401A"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC 1449\u2013431232613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC 1449\u2013431232613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB-TR 84, A4, A7, B6, Z1A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB-TR 84, A4, A7, B6, Z1A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021727","name":"Berlin University Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Zeiss Center"},{"name":"German Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets ciliated cells during the initial infection of the upper respiratory tract. However, uncertainties persist regarding other involved epithelial cell types.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We here utilized viral replication analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spectral microscopy on infected air-liquid interface cultures of human primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cells to discern cell type proportions in relation to SARS-CoV-2 tropism and immune activation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We revealed that, next to ciliated and secretory cells, SARS-CoV-2 (wild type and lineage B1.1.7 [Alpha variant]) strongly infects basal cells, significantly contributing to the epithelial immune response in a donor-specific manner. Moreover, local Camostat mesylate treatment was effective in both the basal and apical cell compartment, resulting in a notable reduction in viral load and reduced immune activation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Collectively, our data emphasize the critical role of basal cells in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 dissemination within the upper respiratory tract and their substantial contribution to the epithelial immune response. Furthermore, our results highlight the potential of local application of Camostat mesylate as an effective strategy for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigating associated immune activation early on.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T07:57:52Z","timestamp":1741679872000},"page":"1210-1220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Lung Air-Liquid Interface Cultures Reveals Basal Cells as Relevant Targets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-3716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morris","family":"Baumgardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Obermayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Bal\u00e1zs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology, and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research, associated partner site , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"L\u00f6wa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Wyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo","family":"Teixeira Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Beule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Landthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel A","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus A","family":"Mall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology, and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research, associated partner site , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, partner site , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hippenstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"H\u00f6nzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg , Senftenberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6935-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas C","family":"Hocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charit\u00e9 -Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2951-z","article-title":"Addendum: a pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"588","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148517","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI148517","article-title":"Nasal ciliated cells are primary targets for SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stage of COVID-19","volume":"131","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19145-6","article-title":"ACE2 localizes to the respiratory cilia and is not increased by ACE inhibitors or ARBs","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17796-z","article-title":"Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00249-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism and multiorgan infection","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1901OC","article-title":"Increased SARS-CoV-2 infection, protease and inflammatory responses in COPD primary bronchial epithelial cells defined with single cell RNA-sequencing","volume":"206","author":"Johansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03499-2","article-title":"Cell response analysis in SARS-CoV-2 infected bronchial organoids","volume":"5","author":"Sano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110009","article-title":"Uncovering strain- and age-dependent innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in air-liquid-interface cultured nasal epithelia","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102368","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus can infect basal cells and alter human airway epithelial differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0141-3","article-title":"Cellular crosstalk in the development and regeneration of the respiratory system","volume":"20","author":"Zepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141514","article-title":"The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease","volume":"45","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.003","article-title":"COVID-19: a new virus, but a familiar receptor and cytokine release syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Hirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202101116","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101116","article-title":"Topical TMPRSS2 inhibition prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in differentiated human airway cultures","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103255","article-title":"Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity","volume":"65","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.11.009","article-title":"Androgen signaling regulates SARS-CoV-2 receptor levels and is associated with severe COVID-19 symptoms in men","volume":"27","author":"Samuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.004","article-title":"Three-dimensional human alveolar stem cell culture models reveal infection response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Youk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.01.011","article-title":"Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0045222","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00452-22","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Camostat mesylate (DWJ1248) in adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822437","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.822437","article-title":"Age-related differences in structure and function of nasal epithelial cultures from healthy children and elderly people","volume":"13","author":"Balazs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040651","article-title":"Screening of FDA-approved drugs using a MERS-CoV clinical isolate from South Korea identifies potential therapeutic options for COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001871","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant alpha has a spike-dependent replication advantage over the ancestral B.1 strain in human cells with low ACE2 expression","volume":"20","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0276MA","article-title":"Pharmacological rescue of conditionally reprogrammed cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"56","author":"Gentzsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009292","article-title":"Single cell resolution of SARS-CoV-2 tropism, antiviral responses, and susceptibility to therapies in primary human airway epithelium","volume":"17","author":"Fiege","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152725","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.52725-2021","article-title":"Human lungs show limited permissiveness for SARS-CoV-2 due to scarce ACE2 levels but virus-induced expansion of inflammatory macrophages","volume":"61","author":"H\u00f6nzke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01474-0","article-title":"A comprehensive SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactome reveals COVID-19 pathobiology and potential host therapeutic targets","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01824-x","article-title":"Aged nasal epithelium is more prone to severe COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Zanoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001143","article-title":"Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium identifies target cells, alterations in gene expression, and cell state changes","volume":"19","author":"Ravindra","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147646","article-title":"Cigarette smoke specifically affects small airway epithelial cell populations and triggers the expansion of inflammatory and squamous differentiation associated basal cells","volume":"22","author":"Wohnhaas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1492PP","article-title":"Airway basal cells. The \u201csmoking gun\u201d of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"190","author":"Crystal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194614","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194614","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq public data reveal the gene regulatory network landscape of respiratory epithelial and peripheral immune cells in COVID-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01118-4","article-title":"APOE interacts with ACE2 inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and inflammation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93855-9","article-title":"Male sex and age biases viral burden, viral shedding, and type 1 and 2 interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24817-y","article-title":"IFITM proteins promote SARS-CoV-2 infection and are targets for virus inhibition in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Bozzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101938","article-title":"COVID-19 enters the expanding network of apolipoprotein E4-related pathologies","volume":"41","author":"Gkouskou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938837","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.938837","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of potential common pathogenic mechanisms for COVID-19 infection and primary Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00347-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas","volume":"3","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023","article-title":"Impaired local intrinsic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Ziegler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03413-2","article-title":"Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic?","volume":"24","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.10.019","article-title":"Virucidal activity of nasal sprays against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2","volume":"120","author":"Meister","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2025060208125091900_jiaf125-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad342","article-title":"One week of oral Camostat versus placebo in nonhospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019: a randomized controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"77","author":"Jilg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf125\/62371691\/jiaf125.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/5\/1210\/62371691\/jiaf125.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/231\/5\/1210\/62371691\/jiaf125.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1748866385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/5\/1210\/8069088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf125","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}