{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1790305562873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU50CK000554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK000554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU90TP922058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU90TP922058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>During 2018\u20132022, a resurgence of hepatitis A occurred in Florida, with 5491 cases reported. Genotyping was performed on a convenience sample of cases through amplification and sequencing of the hepatitis A virus VP1\u2013P2B junction region. Virus isolates from 1190 cases (22%) were genotyped; 69% were subgenotype IB, 30% were subgenotype IA, and 1% were subgenotype IIIA. Subgenotype IB was more common among patients reporting recent drug use or homelessness, whereas IA was more common among those reporting recent international travel and among men who have sex with men. Genotype IB infection was associated with a more than 4-fold greater odds of death compared to IA infection. A network analysis revealed 11 genomic clusters of \u226510 cases, with distinct temporal and spatial distributions. Case reports in 2023 decreased to below pre-2018 numbers, likely due to high population immunity following natural infection and extensive vaccination activities in the highest-risk groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:54:54Z","timestamp":1741676094000},"page":"943-952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genomic Epidemiology of Resurgent Hepatitis A in Florida, 2018\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, Florida ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Office of Readiness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian H","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Locksmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna M","family":"McGruder-Rawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Khudyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Blackmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a031823","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031823","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus: emerging and re-emerging enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses","volume":"9","author":"Lemon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033480","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033480","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus genome organization and replication strategy","volume":"8","author":"McKnight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.01.005","article-title":"Genetic variability and molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus","volume":"127","author":"Cristina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1910442","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus","volume":"12","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.06.011","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infections in Catalonia, Spain, 2005\u20132009: circulation of newly emerging strains","volume":"52","author":"Perez-Sautu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"pt 6","key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-6-1365","article-title":"Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from different geographical regions","volume":"73","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.023","article-title":"Evidence for positive selection of hepatitis A virus antigenic variants in vaccinated men-having-sex-with men patients: implications for immunization policies","volume":"39","author":"Sabria","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1086\/427992","article-title":"Hepatitis A molecular epidemiology in the United States, 1996\u20131997: sources of infection and implications of vaccination policy","volume":"191","author":"Nainan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1):","key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B9","first-page":"167","article-title":"Type A viral hepatitis: a summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention","volume":"68","author":"Lemon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6905a1","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.23.2968","article-title":"Control of hepatitis A through routine vaccination of children","volume":"286","author":"Averhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549231184007","article-title":"Trends and opportunities: hepatitis A virus infection, seroprevalence, and vaccination coverage\u2014United States, 1976\u20132020","author":"Hofmeister","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B13","author":"FLHealthCHARTS. Florida Department of Health"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6743a3","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus outbreaks associated with drug use and homelessness\u2014California, Kentucky, Michigan, and Utah, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B15","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak linked to person-to-person contact","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00500-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00500-19","article-title":"New subgenotyping and consensus real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for hepatitis A outbreak surveillance","volume":"57","author":"Probert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2706.203036","article-title":"Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection, United States, 1996\u20132019","volume":"27","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.231392","article-title":"Concurrent outbreaks of hepatitis A, invasive meningococcal disease, and mpox, Florida, USA, 2021\u20132022","volume":"30","author":"Doyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B19","article-title":"About National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System","author":"National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009300","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009300","article-title":"MicrobeTrace: retooling molecular epidemiology for rapid public health response","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6818a2","article-title":"Increase in hepatitis A virus infections\u2014United States, 2013\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7139a1","article-title":"Widespread hepatitis A outbreaks associated with person-to-person transmission\u2014United States, 2016\u20132020","volume":"71","author":"Foster","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa636","article-title":"Hepatitis A person-to-person outbreaks: epidemiology, morbidity burden, and factors associated with hospitalization-multiple states, 2016\u20132019","volume":"223","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221108413","article-title":"Recent incarceration among individuals infected with hepatitis A virus during person-to-person community outbreaks, United States, 2016\u20132020","volume":"138","author":"Hagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.181489","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of hepatitis A virus, California, USA, 2017\u20132018","volume":"25","author":"Probert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.401","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of hepatitis A in the United States: incidence and molecular epidemiology from population-based surveillance, 2005\u20132007","volume":"170","author":"Klevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.07.038","article-title":"Vaccination in the county jail as a strategy to reach high risk adults during a community-based hepatitis A outbreak among methamphetamine drug users","volume":"23","author":"Vong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B29","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hepatitis A among drug abusers","volume":"37","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1988","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.4.463","article-title":"Outbreaks of hepatitis A among illicit drug users, Oklahoma, 1984\u201387","volume":"79","author":"Harkess","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.2.186","article-title":"Multiple modes of hepatitis A virus transmission among methamphetamine users","volume":"152","author":"Hutin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01410.x","article-title":"What factors determine the severity of hepatitis A-related acute liver failure?","volume":"18","author":"Ajmera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B33","author":"Florida Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002605","article-title":"Estimating the critical immunity threshold for preventing hepatitis A outbreaks in men who have sex with men","volume":"144","author":"Regan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad552","article-title":"Determining herd immunity thresholds for hepatitis A virus transmission to inform vaccination strategies among people who inject drugs in 16 US states","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23843","article-title":"Full-length genome characterization and genetic relatedness analysis of hepatitis A virus outbreak strains associated with acute liver failure among children","volume":"86","author":"Vaughan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.10.023","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution","volume":"21","author":"Vaughan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2025101515133661700_jiaf127-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2022.114649","article-title":"A custom hepatitis A virus assay for whole-genome sequencing","volume":"312","author":"Cleary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf127\/62373733\/jiaf127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/4\/943\/62373733\/jiaf127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/4\/943\/62373733\/jiaf127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:15:08Z","timestamp":1760555708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/4\/943\/8069204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf127","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}