{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:08:19Z","timestamp":1772849299180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) by various pathogens is a recognized strategy to evade the adaptive immune response. Salmonella infection also upregulates PD-L1 levels; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our study reveals that this upregulation is mediated by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) effectors, as paraformaldehyde fixed and STM\u0394ssaV fail to alter PD-L1 levels. We have further investigated the role of the SPI-2 effector SseL (a deubiquitinase) in PD-L1 upregulation, and our study reveals SseL to be crucial for upregulating PD-L1 in vitro as well as in vivo murine models. STM\u0394sseL exhibits colonization defects in secondary infection sites such as the liver and spleen. Notably, STM\u0394sseL infected mice show earlier mortality associated with heightened inflammation. Mechanistically, SseL stabilizes \u03b2-catenin, which translocates to the nucleus and leads to PD-L1 transcription, which is abrogated by the \u03b2-catenin\/TCF inhibitor FH535. Collectively, our study elucidates the mechanism by which Salmonella mediates immune suppression through PD-L1 upregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T13:30:14Z","timestamp":1742391014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Salmonella<\/i> Effector SseL Induces Programmed Death Ligand 1 Upregulation and T-Cell Inactivation via the \u03b2-Catenin Signaling Axis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Umesh","family":"Chopra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Kondooparambil","family":"Sabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune, Maharashtra ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raju S","family":"Rajmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayushi Devendrasingh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research\u2013Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashi Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research\u2013Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipshikha","family":"Chakravortty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 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