{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T01:00:57Z","timestamp":1760576457660,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"of the"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human lymphatic filariasis (LF) is primarily caused by the helminth parasites Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) and Brugia malayi (Bm). Detecting parasitic circulating cell-free nucleic acids (ccfDNA\/ccfRNA) in plasma is a promising approach for detection of active infections. Plasma RNA sequencing analyses from individuals with active Wb infection and uninfected controls identified 6 RNA targets that were specific to Wb and\/or Bm. Assays developed to detect either ccfDNA and ccfRNA were successfully used in Wb-infected individuals, but DNA-based assays targeting WbTR1 were found to be the most sensitive biomarker of Wb circulating cell-free nucleic acids. Plasma-derived ccfDNA was identified in 71% (of all microfilaria-positive individuals) of Wb infections from India, the Cook Islands, Mali, Haiti, and Guyana. Following definitive treatment, time course analyses indicated that WbTR1 ccfDNA levels were undetectable within a year. Overall, ccfDNA\/ccfRNA detection in lymphatic filariasis holds promise for assessment of infection and treatment response in Wb and Bm infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T01:27:11Z","timestamp":1742174831000},"page":"892-900","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acid Detection for <i>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/i> Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa Martinez","family":"Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3358-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Schaughency","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasisekhar","family":"Bennuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B1"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B2","first-page":"489","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2022","volume":"98","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B3"},{"author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B4"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011942","article-title":"Triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for the acceleration of lymphatic filariasis elimination in Kenya: programmatic implementation and results of the first impact assessment","volume":"18","author":"Njenga","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1930","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001930","article-title":"Identification of Wb123 as an early and specific marker of Wuchereria bancrofti infection","volume":"6","author":"Kubofcik","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0765","article-title":"Results of integrated transmission assessment surveys for lymphatic filariasis and malaria in Haiti, 2017\u20132022","volume":"111","author":"Desir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1911-9","article-title":"Dynamics of antigenemia and transmission intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti following cessation of mass drug administration in a formerly highly endemic region of Mali","volume":"9","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232325","article-title":"Selection and exploitation of prevalent, tandemly repeated genomic targets for improved real-time PCR-based detection of Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Zulch","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90009-4","article-title":"Long-term effect of prenatal exposure to maternal microfilaraemia on immune responsiveness to filarial parasite antigens","volume":"343","author":"Steel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900863","article-title":"A randomized trial of doxycycline for Mansonella perstans infection","volume":"361","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.93-99.2000","article-title":"Perturbations in eosinophil homeostasis following treatment of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"68","author":"Gopinath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.848","article-title":"Long-term persistence of cellular hyporesponsiveness to filarial antigens after clearance of microfilaremia","volume":"60","author":"Gopinath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02804.x","article-title":"A versatile internal control for use as DNA in real-time PCR and as RNA in real-time reverse transcription PCR assays","volume":"50","author":"Deer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.826","article-title":"A real-time PCR-based assay for detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in blood and mosquitoes","volume":"74","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108927","article-title":"A simple isothermal DNA amplification method to screen black flies for Onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"9","author":"Alhassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00525-14","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid and semiquantitative detection of Loa loa infection","volume":"52","author":"Drame","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051079","article-title":"Colorimetric and real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Loa loa DNA in human blood samples","volume":"12","author":"Febrer-Sendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094664","article-title":"Development of a highly sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the detection of Loa loa","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez-Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.314","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Brugia malayi in blood","volume":"51","author":"Lizotte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650870","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6650870","article-title":"Optimization of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a point-of-care tool for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood in Tana River Delta, Kenya","volume":"2021","author":"Nancy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001948","article-title":"Diagnosis of brugian filariasis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"6","author":"Poole","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.018","article-title":"Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in human blood and vector mosquitoes","volume":"60","author":"Takagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B24","first-page":"S216","article-title":"Comparative studies on nucleic acid based biosensors for identification of filarial nematode","volume":"99","author":"Jaratsing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276108062013020","article-title":"Optimisation of an asymmetric polymerase chain reaction assay for the amplification of single-stranded DNA from Wuchereria bancrofti for electrochemical detection","volume":"108","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2666","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene aberrations in circulating cell-free DNA: biomarkers of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"21","author":"Azad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0044","article-title":"Cell-free DNA (cfDNA): clinical significance and utility in cancer shaped by emerging technologies","volume":"14","author":"Volik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2019.04.062","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA integrity as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for breast and prostate cancers","volume":"235\u2013236","author":"Arko-Boham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Genet"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2021-0968","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a solid-organ transplant biomarker: technologies and approaches","volume":"16","author":"Edwards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010295","article-title":"Circulating nucleic acid\u2013based biomarkers of type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Padilla-Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae462","article-title":"Improved nucleic acid amplification test for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis and its use for detection of circulating cell free DNA","volume":"231","author":"Bennuru","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.03.015","article-title":"A gene family of cathepsin L-like proteases of filarial nematodes are associated with larval molting and cuticle and eggshell remodeling","volume":"136","author":"Guiliano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx257","article-title":"TAREAN: a computational tool for identification and characterization of satellite DNA from unassembled short reads","volume":"45","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025101515144168100_jiaf147-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf2341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf2341","article-title":"Priming agents transiently reduce the clearance of cell-free DNA to improve liquid biopsies","volume":"383","author":"Martin-Alonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf147\/62426671\/jiaf147.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/4\/892\/62426671\/jiaf147.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/4\/892\/62426671\/jiaf147.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:17:05Z","timestamp":1760555825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/4\/892\/8081517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1899"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1537-6613"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}