{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:52:01Z","timestamp":1785372721502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI132348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibody responses to MF59-adjuvanted (MF59Flu) and high-dose (HDFlu) influenza vaccines have been well-characterized in older adults, yet corresponding cellular immune response data remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood samples were collected from 106 MF59Flu recipients and 112 HDFlu recipients at 4 time points: before vaccination (day 0) and on days 1, 8, and 28 postvaccination. Antibody responses were assessed in serum samples using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Eight proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-\u03b12a, IFN-\u03b3, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8, were quantified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using a multiplex assay. Associations between cytokine\/chemokine secretion levels and antibody responses were examined, along with the effect of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and cytomegalovirus infection status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age was positively correlated with IL-8 levels on day 1 (r = 0.24, P &amp;lt; .001) and the change in IL-8 levels from day 0 to day 1 (r = 0.16, P = .021). Notably, the change in IL-8 levels was negatively associated with day 28 hemagglutination inhibition titers (r = \u22120.15, P = .026). Causal mediation analysis demonstrated that IL-8 exerted significant causal mediation effects on antibody responses at both day 8 (P = .046) and day 28 (P = .0045). No significant effects of other cytokines and chemokines, vaccine type, sex, or BMI on antibody responses were observed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings underscore IL-8 as a potential mediator of antibody responses to influenza vaccination in older adults, suggesting that IL-8 inhibition could serve as a molecular intervention to improve antibody responses in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T01:28:46Z","timestamp":1742174926000},"page":"718-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interleukin 8 as a Causal Link Between Aging and Impaired Influenza Antibody Responses in Older 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