{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:15:22Z","timestamp":1773796522041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R03AI156569-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03AI156569-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Historically, locally transmitted fishborne trematodiasis has not been a public health concern in the United States (US). However, the widespread introduction of the first intermediate host snail Melanoides tuberculata and 2 of the fishborne trematodes it transmits (Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus), along with their discovery at freshwater fishing localities throughout southern California, reveals a need to further evaluate the risk of local transmission of fishborne trematodiasis in the US. Here, we confirm that the trematode stages infectious to people (metacercariae) commonly infect and can be abundant in 7 commonly caught and eaten fish species at California fishing localities. Further, via an online social media search, we provide evidence that people throughout the US eat those same fish species in ways conducive to trematode transmission (namely, eating fish unfrozen and raw). These findings further indicate the plausibility for locally transmitted fishborne trematodiasis in the US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T22:09:20Z","timestamp":1744063760000},"page":"e159-e168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Further Evidence for Plausible Transmission of Fishborne Trematodiases in the United States: Game Fish Carry Human-Infectious Trematodes and Are Eaten Raw"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5593-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma M","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C G","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan F","family":"Hechinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000725","article-title":"General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis","volume":"149","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72011-X","article-title":"Food-borne trematodiases in Southeast Asia: epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestation and control","volume":"72","author":"Sripa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70294-8","article-title":"Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Furst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B4","first-page":"302","volume-title":"Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites: report of a joint FAO\/WHO expert meeting, 3\u20137 September 2012","author":"World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA)","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1807-0","article-title":"Food-borne trematode infections of humans in the United States of America","volume":"106","author":"Fried","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac413","article-title":"Potential for emergence of foodborne trematodiases transmitted by an introduced snail (Melanoides tuberculata) in California and elsewhere in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Metz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0283:PAPOAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prevalence and pathogenicity of a heterophyid trematode infecting the gills of an endangered fish, the fountain darter, in two central Texas spring-fed rivers","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Aquat Anim Health"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(2005)30[11:SOAEFT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spread of an exotic fish-gill trematode","volume":"30","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1894\/F08-FRG-06.1","article-title":"Distribution and occurrence of the exotic digenetic trematode (Centrocestus formosanus), its exotic snail intermediate host (Melanoides tuberculatus), and rates of infection of fish in springs systems in western Texas","volume":"59","author":"McDermott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southwest Nat"},{"key":"2025073007423854900_jiaf180-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3391\/bir.2022.11.1.15","article-title":"New records of digenetic trematodes infecting Melanoides tuberculata (O.F. 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