{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:56:51Z","timestamp":1789516611974,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI176770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI176770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) occurs when animals and humans inhale spores of Coccidioides spp, soil-dwelling fungi of the southwestern United States (US). The spatial epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis is poorly understood due to irregular detection of Coccidioides in soil, disease underdiagnosis, and lack of nationwide mandatory reporting. Data on seroreactivity to Coccidioides among dogs\u2014which are highly susceptible to coccidioidomycosis, widespread across the US, and have limited travel\u2014may strengthen our understanding human disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed serologic test results for 834 899 dogs between 2012 and 2022 from all known diagnostic laboratories conducting serologic testing for anti-Coccidioides antibodies in dogs in the US. We used testing date and county-level location data to estimate spatial and temporal trends in incidence and test positivity for dogs and compared them to human surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall seropositivity rate among tested dogs was 37.6% (313 829\/834 899). Average test positivity rates in states with \u22650.5 tests per annum per 10 000 households were 35.4% (Texas) to 74.1% (Montana). For these states, average annual incidence per 10 000 households was as follows: Arizona (86.8), New Mexico (0.89), Nevada (0.78), California (0.75), Montana (0.63), Colorado (0.41), Oregon (0.41), Texas (0.38), Idaho (0.37), Wyoming (0.34), Utah (0.32), and Washington (0.26). Human incidence in California and Arizona between 2012 and 2022 was significantly correlated with dog incidence (\u03c1 = 0.75 and \u03c1 = 0.65, respectively). The distribution of seropositive dogs expanded from 76 of 3144 counties (2.4%) in 2012 to 390 in 2022 (12.4%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Further investment in human diagnostic infrastructure and provider knowledge may ameliorate significant underrecognition of this emerging fungal disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T03:14:51Z","timestamp":1744168491000},"page":"e986-e995","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Use of Dog Serologic Data for Improved Understanding of Coccidioidomycosis: A One Health Approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6814-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E","family":"Sykes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Valley Fever, University of California, Davis , Davis, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon K","family":"Camponuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda K","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George R","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Valley Fever, University of California, Davis , Davis, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin V","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.007","article-title":"Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans","volume":"1111","author":"Shubitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.010","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"35","author":"Bays","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000209","article-title":"Expansion of coccidioidomycosis endemic regions in the United States in response to climate change","volume":"3","author":"Gorris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109066","article-title":"Valley fever under a changing climate in the United States","volume":"193","author":"Howard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e793","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00202-9","article-title":"Effects of precipitation, heat, and drought on incidence and expansion of coccidioidomycosis in western USA: a longitudinal surveillance study","volume":"6","author":"Head","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B6","first-page":"145","article-title":"Investigating the role of animal burrows on the ecology and distribution of Coccidioides spp. in Arizona soils","volume":"185","author":"Kollath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3005.231624","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis-related hospital visits, Texas, USA, 2016\u20132021","volume":"30","author":"Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B8","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.547995","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare providers\u2014Arizona, 2007","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae041","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae041","article-title":"Challenges facing antimicrobial stewardship programs in the endemic region for coccidioidomycosis","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12475","article-title":"Risk factors and spatial distribution of canine coccidioidomycosis in California, 2005\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Grayzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Human and animal sentinels for shared health risks","volume":"45","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B13","author":"American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis acquired in Washington state","volume":"56","author":"Marsden-Haug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01526.x","article-title":"Identifying areas of high risk of human exposure to coccidioidomycosis in Texas using serology data from dogs","volume":"60","author":"Gautam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05631-11","article-title":"Evaluation of Coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis","volume":"19","author":"Kirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03544","article-title":"Tidygeocoder: an R package for geocoding","volume":"6","author":"Cambon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Open Source Software"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B18","author":"United States Census Bureau"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B19","author":"California Department of Public Health"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B20","author":"California Department of Finance"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B21","author":"Arizona Office of Economic Opportunity"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/07388940701643623","article-title":"Transnational terrorism hot spots: identification and impact evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conflict Manag Peace Sci"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B23","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B24","author":"GraphPad Software","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00431-2","article-title":"Re-drawing the maps for endemic mycoses","volume":"185","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B26","author":"Hawryluk"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.171595","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance for coccidioidomycosis, 14 US states, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Benedict","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac882","article-title":"The geographic distribution of dimorphic mycoses in the United States for the modern era","volume":"76","author":"Mazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae755","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae755","article-title":"Mapping the geographic distribution of dimorphic mycoses using a U.S. commercial insurance database [manuscript published online ahead of print 28 December 2024]","author":"Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B30","author":"Bureau of Transportation Statistics"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16087","article-title":"Clinical performance of a point-of-care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Reagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56771\/jsmcah.v1.2","article-title":"Veterinary care deserts: what is the capacity and where is it?","volume":"1","author":"Neal","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSMCAH"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158122","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01581-22","article-title":"Review of clinical and laboratory diagnostics for coccidioidomycosis","volume":"61","author":"McHardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060208111776700_jiaf184-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6772","article-title":"Sensitivity of serologic testing for dogs diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis on histology: 52 cases (2012\u20132013)","volume":"55","author":"Gunstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf184\/62892667\/jiaf184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf184\/62892667\/jiaf184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf184\/62892667\/jiaf184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:11:28Z","timestamp":1748866288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/231\/5\/e986\/8108831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}