{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:18Z","timestamp":1787008998839,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited estimates exist on the population-level impact of partner notification (PN) for gonorrhea, with uncertainty in the influence of local epidemiology on PN effectiveness. An ecologic study in New York found a 6% reduction in diagnoses with a 10% increase in PN coverage. We estimated gonorrhea incidence reductions via PN across different epidemiologic conditions to compare the effects with the prior finding and to understand key determinants of variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a stochastic network model of men who have sex with men and calibrated gonorrhea transmission dynamics to varied epidemiologic conditions. The population-level impact of increasing PN was summarized by incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and the relative importance of explanatory variables (including network density, baseline burden, and natural history parameters) was assessed via linear regression modeling of IRR and bootstrapping to evaluate uncertainty in estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated an IRR of 0.97 (95% range, 0.93\u20130.99) for a 10% relative increase in PN coverage, comparable to the IRR of 0.94 (0.91\u20130.97) identified in the empirical study. PN retained effectiveness under diverse epidemiologic conditions. In a univariate sensitivity analysis, the strongest influence on IRR came from parameters governing index case testing probability, with an IRR of 0.93 when testing was at its highest. Other factors, such as network density, baseline incidence, and various natural history parameters, had relatively minor effects on the IRR. We observed larger individual-level benefits from PN for individuals with higher numbers of partners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support prior population-level estimates of the impact of PN on gonorrhea incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T05:34:31Z","timestamp":1744868071000},"page":"e266-e274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Influence of Epidemiologic Context on the Success of Partner Notification Programs: Analysis of Gonorrhea Transmission Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9292-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minttu M","family":"R\u00f6nn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6695-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harrell W","family":"Chesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5646-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonatan H","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissa","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention and HIV\/AIDS Surveillance, Massachusetts Department of Public Health"},{"name":"Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Boston Medical Center , Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L","family":"Gift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua A","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000515","article-title":"Gonorrhea control, United States, 1972\u20132015, a narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Peterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B2","first-page":"CD002843","article-title":"Strategies for partner notification for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV","volume":"10","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16763-9","article-title":"Assessing complex interventions: a systematic review of outcomes used in randomised controlled trials on STI partner notification in high-income countries","volume":"23","author":"Sawras","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000237861.47751.16","article-title":"Effects of partner notification on reducing gonorrhea incidence rate","volume":"34","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000747","article-title":"Methods for sexually transmitted disease prevention programs to estimate the health and medical cost impact of changes in their budget","volume":"45","author":"Chesson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199808000-00011","article-title":"Gonorrhea in the United States, 1981\u20131996. Demographic and geographic trends","volume":"25","author":"Fox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B7","author":"Statnet Development Team (Krivitsky PN, Handcock MS, Hunter DR, et al.)"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2020.100386","article-title":"Egocentric sexual networks of men who have sex with men in the United States: results from the ARTnet study","volume":"30","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B9","author":"National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001382","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea among US men and women, 2018","volume":"48","author":"Kreisel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B11","first-page":"100364","article-title":"Estimated costs and quality-adjusted life-years lost due to N gonorrhoeae infections acquired in 2015 in the United States: a modelling study of overall burden and disparities by age, race\/ethnicity, and other factors","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab680","article-title":"The natural history of rectal gonococcal and chlamydial infections: the ExGen study","volume":"74","author":"Barbee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001189","article-title":"Population-level benefits of extragenital gonorrhea screening among men who have sex with men","volume":"47","author":"Earnest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000953","article-title":"Assessing uncertainty in an anatomical site-specific gonorrhea transmission model of men who have sex with men","volume":"46","author":"Spicknall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-008-9067-6","article-title":"Keeping the noise down: common random numbers for disease simulation modeling","volume":"11","author":"Stout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306842","article-title":"Contact tracing: barriers and facilitators","volume":"112","author":"El-Sadr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B17","first-page":"815","article-title":"An evaluation of digital partner notification tool engagement and impact for patients diagnosed with gonorrhea and syphilis","volume":"49","author":"Folke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001058","article-title":"Epidemiological impact of expedited partner therapy for men who have sex with men: a modeling study","volume":"46","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00356-0","article-title":"Frequent screening for asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections in men who have sex with men: time to re-evaluate?","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052214","article-title":"An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men","volume":"92","author":"Barbee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025081319573326200_jiaf206-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006748","article-title":"A dynamic power-law sexual network model of gonorrhoea outbreaks","volume":"15","author":"Whittles","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf206\/62955487\/jiaf206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/2\/e266\/62955487\/jiaf206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/2\/e266\/62955487\/jiaf206.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T23:57:43Z","timestamp":1755129463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/2\/e266\/8116298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]}}}