{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:48:45Z","timestamp":1776365325051,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD079695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD079695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI150978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI150978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Toto Bora trial tested whether a 5-day course of azithromycin reduced the risk of rehospitalization or death in the 6 months following hospitalization among Kenyan children and found no overall benefit. We hypothesized that macrolide resistance in gut microbes could modify azithromycin's effect.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From June 2016 to November 2019, Kenyan children aged 1\u201359 months were enrolled at hospital discharge and randomized to azithromycin or placebo. DNA from fecal samples and Escherichia coli isolates was analyzed for common macrolide resistance genes. Cox proportional hazards regression models, including interaction terms between randomization arm and individual macrolide resistance genes, were used to analyze time to rehospitalization or death, with Bonferroni correction applied to account for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 1393 children tested, 94.7% had at least 1 macrolide resistance gene in their fecal DNA at hospital discharge, most commonly mph(A) (68.6% [955\/1393]), followed by msr(D) (67.3% [937\/1393]) and erm(B) (60.7% [846\/1393]). Mef(A) (23.7% [330\/1393]) was the only macrolide resistance gene that modified azithromycin's effect on rehospitalization or death (interaction P = .008). In children without the mef(A) gene, azithromycin reduced the hazard of rehospitalization or death by a third (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .45\u2013.99]) whereas among children with the mef(A) gene, there was a higher risk in those randomized to azithromycin (HR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.21\u20136.09]). The effect size of azithromycin's impact on mortality and rehospitalization as separate outcomes in children with and without mef(A) were consistent but underpowered.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Macrolide resistance in the gut microbiome may influence the efficacy of azithromycin in children discharged from the hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02414399.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T15:51:59Z","timestamp":1745250719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Macrolide Resistance on Azithromycin for Prevention of Rehospitalization or Death Among Children Discharged From Hospitals in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polycarp","family":"Mogeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Benjamin","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirkby D","family":"Tickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen","family":"Rwigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6586-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9956-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Riziki","family":"Aluoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Apondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Ambila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mame M","family":"Diakhate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson O","family":"Singa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University , Qingdao ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferric C","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judd L","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 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