{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:15:37Z","timestamp":1782836137259,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry for Health and Care"},{"name":"Bavarian State Office for Health and Food Safety"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU HIV 04.819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU HIV 04.819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI 07.012_00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 07.012_00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI 07.001_02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 07.001_02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021_EKEA.25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021_EKEA.25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Post\u2013coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome (PCS) is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting &amp;gt;12 weeks after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The underlying pathological mechanisms remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted detailed immunological analyses in 47 individuals with PCS, assessed &amp;gt;12 weeks after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we compared them with 25 convalescent controls without symptoms. We performed immune phenotyping of T- and B-cell subsets, assessed SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific responses using activation-induced marker (AIM) flow cytometry for T cells, and tetramer staining of spike-specific B cells. Cytokine levels in peptide-stimulated cell supernatants and plasma were quantified using a Luminex platform.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with PCS exhibited reduced frequencies of AIM-positive SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific T cells (OX40+PDL1+) and CD8 T cells (CD137+CD69+) following peptide stimulation with spike or nucleocapsid antigen, accompanied by diminished interferon \u03b3 and interleukin 2, as measured in the cell culture supernatants. In contrast, non\u2013virus-specific T-cell populations, including memory differentiation, activation and helper cell differentiation status, did not differ between the groups. Individuals with PCS showed a significant increase in total (CD19+) and activated (CD86+HLA-DR+) B cells but not in SARS-CoV-2 spike\u2013specific B cells (approximately 0.2% of total B cells). Plasma cytokine analysis revealed elevated markers associated with vascular damage and inflammation in those with PCS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persistent immune disturbances in individuals with PCS are characterized by reduced SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific T-cell responses, increased B-cell activation, and altered inflammatory and vascular biomarkers. These findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of PCS and may contribute to biomarker discovery and therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial no<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DRKS00030974 (registry: https:\/\/www.bfarm.de\/EN\/BfArM\/Tasks\/German-Clinical-Trials-Register\/_node.html).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T06:37:07Z","timestamp":1745476627000},"page":"50-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Systemic and SARS-CoV-2 specific Immune Disturbances in Individuals With Post\u2013COVID Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Ober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3509-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"V\u00f6lk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7133-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Sbierski-Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, The M3 Research Center, University Clinic T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7583-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Gr\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Stirner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Reiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svenja","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Seybold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Stubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine II, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7501-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Adorjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8628-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes R","family":"Bogner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1347-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Roider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich , Munich 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