{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:58:11Z","timestamp":1787698691672,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024586","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR32490\/MED\/29\/1457\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR32490\/MED\/29\/1457\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021014","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2020\/002932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2020\/002932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004507","name":"CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","award":["OLP118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OLP118"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015747","name":"UGC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Imbalance of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels have been observed in several infectious diseases, and high plasma cortisol levels have also been found in human visceral leishmaniasis. However, the mechanism remains ambiguous. In Leishmania donovani-infected BALB\/c mice, we observe increased cortisol versus decreased DHEA levels coinciding with high organ parasite burden and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with increased 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11\u03b2HSD1) expression. DHEA treatment in J774 and THP-1\u2013derived macrophages restrains L. donovani-induced cortisol levels by inhibiting 11\u03b2HSD1 expression, which increases proinflammatory and decreases anti-inflammatory mediators, thereby lowering intracellular parasitemia. In infected THP-1\u2013derived macrophages, DHEA reciprocally regulates glucocorticoid receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2 (GR\u03b1 and GR\u03b2) expression, increasing GR\u03b1\/GR\u03b2 heterodimers, which antagonize GR\u03b1 homodimer binding on IL10, DUSP1, and NFKBIA promoters. Finally, L. donovani induces PPAR-\u03b3 binding on the 11\u03b2HSD1 promoter by lipophosphoglycan, which drives cortisol production. Collectively, our observations identify DHEA as a potent immunomodulator that inhibits cortisol-mediated immunosuppression and GR\u03b2 induction to counteract GR\u03b1 anti-inflammatory signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T06:35:24Z","timestamp":1745476524000},"page":"1389-1401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Counteracts\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    -Induced Cortisol-Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling-Mediated Immunosuppression and Anti-inflammatory Bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Seth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukul","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritika","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabha","family":"Prusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanta","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Ghaziabad ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.566","article-title":"Low serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol in human diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania mexicana","volume":"76","author":"Galindo-Sevilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.09-0171","article-title":"Hormonal disturbances in visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)","volume":"84","author":"Verde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.12.009","article-title":"Hormone levels are associated with clinical markers and cytokine levels in human localized cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"25","author":"Baccan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B4","first-page":"655","article-title":"Prolonged administration of dexamethasone induces limited reactivation of visceral leishmaniasis in chronically infected BALB\/c mice","volume":"9","author":"Rousseau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B5","first-page":"557","article-title":"Effects of immunosuppressive therapy on murine Leishmania infantum visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"10","author":"Gangneux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.12.016","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone as a regulator of immune cell function","volume":"120","author":"Hazeldine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.11.002","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone effect on Plasmodium falciparum and its interaction with antimalarial drugs","volume":"133","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.2.251-253.1998","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate treatment of mice modulates infection with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"5","author":"Fallon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.05.005","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of zinc and DHEA on the Th-1 immune response in rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"215","author":"Braz\u00e3o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.05.005","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment during experimental infection","volume":"95","author":"dos Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E957","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00442.2004","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits the amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue","volume":"288","author":"Apostolova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1134","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00314.2012","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone exerts antiglucocorticoid action on human preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and glucose uptake","volume":"305","author":"McNelis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00886","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone and its CYP7B1 metabolite 7\u03b1-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone regulates 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 directions in rat Leydig cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.019","article-title":"Role of spliceosome proteins in the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms by cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone","volume":"120","author":"Buoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.07.008","article-title":"Levels of inflammatory cytokines, adrenal steroids, and mRNA for GRa, GR\u00df and 11\u00dfHSD1 in TB pleurisy","volume":"93","author":"D'Attilio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2000)30:8<2235::AID-IMMU2235>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Leishmania donovani promastigotes evade the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1\/2 during infection of naive macrophages.","volume":"30","author":"Priv\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01624-6","article-title":"Functional aspects of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan during macrophage infection","volume":"4","author":"Descoteaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2653-3","article-title":"Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"75","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00628","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation, structure-activity relationship, and mechanism of action studies of quinoline-metronidazole derivatives against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"62","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90083-N","article-title":"A comparison of three methods of estimating EC50 in studies of drug resistance of malaria parasites","volume":"55","author":"Huber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01447","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of pyrazolopyridine derivatives and their potential as an adjunct therapy with miltefosine","volume":"60","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0224-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and imbalance of calcium homeostasis contributes to curcumin induced programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900412","article-title":"Differential induction of SOCS isoforms by Leishmania donovani impairs macrophage-T cell cross-talk and host defense","volume":"204","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094596","article-title":"Combination of liposomal CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2006 and miltefosine induces strong cell-mediated immunity during experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Shivahare","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs252494","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.252494","article-title":"Jagged-notch-mediated divergence of immune cell crosstalk maintains the anti-inflammatory response in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"134","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900251","article-title":"Leishmania donovani subverts host immune response by epigenetic reprogramming of macrophage M(lipopolysaccharides + IFN-\u03b3)\/M(IL-10) polarization","volume":"204","author":"Parmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008475","article-title":"Tissue-specific increases in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in normal weight postmenopausal women","volume":"4","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.179325","article-title":"Cellular processing of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and protein: new mechanisms for generating tissue-specific actions of glucocorticoids","volume":"286","author":"Oakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9550","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.16.9550","article-title":"The human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform. expression, biochemical properties, and putative function","volume":"271","author":"Oakley","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073649","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor \u03b2 (GR\u03b2): beyond its dominant-negative function","volume":"22","author":"Ramos-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14229-8","article-title":"Leishmania infantum lipophosphoglycan induced-prostaglandin E(2) production in association with PPAR-\u03b3 expression via activation of Toll like receptors-1 and 2","volume":"7","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18162","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702289200","article-title":"Identification of a novel prostaglandin reductase reveals the involvement of prostaglandin E2 catabolism in regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation","volume":"282","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007597","article-title":"15-keto-prostaglandin E2 activates host peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-\u03b3) to promote Cryptococcus neoformans growth during infection","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.011","article-title":"Treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone in vivo and in vitro inhibits reproduction, growth and viability of Taenia crassiceps metacestodes","volume":"38","author":"Vargas-Villavicencio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1086\/317919","article-title":"Altered levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis hormones in baboons and mice during the course of infection with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"183","author":"Morales-Montor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.11.002","article-title":"Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and benznidazole treatments during acute infection of two different Trypanosoma cruzi strains","volume":"215","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2307\/3283826","article-title":"Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"81","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241364","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 activation induces 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in human alternative macrophages","volume":"32","author":"Chinetti-Gbaguidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.09.031","article-title":"The role and regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the inflammatory response","volume":"301","author":"Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-5-425","article-title":"Androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone protect mice against lethal bacterial infections and lipopolysaccharide toxicity","volume":"48","author":"Ben-Nathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7094","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.7094","article-title":"Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL\/J mice","volume":"167","author":"Du","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200102000-00029","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone decreases mortality rate and improves cellular immune function during polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"29","author":"Oberbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B44","first-page":"E210","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone prevents dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats","volume":"263","author":"Shafagoj","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1425","article-title":"A review of age-related dehydroepiandrosterone decline and its association with well-known geriatric syndromes: is treatment beneficial?","volume":"16","author":"Samaras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.03982.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine-immunology of experimental Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"1153","author":"Roggero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01919152","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate-binding sites in plasma membrane from human uterine cervical fibroblasts","volume":"48","author":"Imai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.280","article-title":"16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone, a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analogue, inhibits Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei growth","volume":"63","author":"Freilich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848373","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.848373","article-title":"Editorial: Repurposed drugs as immune-modulators to combat infectious diseases","volume":"13","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026031304475834200_jiaf223-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3859","article-title":"Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf223\/63021912\/jiaf223.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/6\/1389\/63021912\/jiaf223.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/6\/1389\/63021912\/jiaf223.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:48:18Z","timestamp":1773391698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/6\/1389\/8121187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf223","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}