{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:14:45Z","timestamp":1772126085411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds pour la Recherche National","award":["CDR J.0018.20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDR J.0018.20"]}]},{"name":"Fonds pour la Recherche National","award":["PDR T.0227.20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR T.0227.20"]}]},{"name":"Fond National pour la Recherche Scientifique","award":["ASP\/A622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASP\/A622"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013543","name":"ESPID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222927\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222927\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["225467\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225467\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000858","name":"The University of Sheffield","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000384","name":"HEFCE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000384","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024617","name":"ODA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["155123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["155123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024617","name":"ODA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00031\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00031\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Africa experiences a high burden of Streptococcus pyogenes disease but has limited epidemiological data. We characterized emm types and emm clusters associated with carriage and disease in The Gambia, a setting with a high rheumatic heart disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 1-year household cohort study (2021\u20132022) recruited 442 participants from 44 households to assess S. pyogenes carriage and noninvasive infection. Pharyngeal and skin swab samples were collected to detect carriage, and pharyngitis and pyoderma swab samples were taken to assess infection. Cultured isolates underwent emm typing and were compared with previous collection from the same region.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 221 cultured isolates showed 52 different emm types and 16 emm clusters. Strain diversity was high (Simpson reciprocal index, 29.3 [95% confidence interval, 24.8\u201336.0]), with the highest diversity seen in pyoderma and the lowest in pharyngitis. Based on available cross-opsonization data, the 30-valent M-protein vaccine candidate would cover 50.8% of the isolates, but cross-opsonization data are unknown for 38.5% of them. The emm clusters showed lower diversity and were stable over time, with 4 clusters defining 65.2% of the isolates; 68% of isolates were collected from skin sites (carriage and pyoderma), with evidence of skin-to-throat transmission in the same host.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides a unique molecular analysis of skin and throat isolates prospectively collected from persons with carriage and noninvasive infection in Africa. Despite high strain diversity, 4 clusters included two-thirds of the isolates, representing antigen priorities for broad vaccine coverage. In this rheumatic fever\u2013endemic setting, pyoderma and skin carriage represent an important S. pyogenes reservoir and should be included in further surveillance studies and public health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT05117528.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T14:35:13Z","timestamp":1747406113000},"page":"550-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Household Molecular Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/i> Carriage and Infection in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"de Crombrugghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Brussels University Hospital, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin P","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J","family":"Keeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Florey Institute of Infection, University of Sheffield , Sheffield ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Sheffield ,","place":["United 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