{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:03:30Z","timestamp":1784520210573,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008211","name":"Drexel University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vivax malaria, once thought rare in Duffy-negative Africans, is now reported in various parts of Africa, suggesting alternate invasion mechanisms and parasite adaptability to Duffy-null (DN) cells. One hypothesis is that copy number variation (CNV) of genes involved in erythrocyte invasion may impact parasite invasion capability and\/or host immune evasion, particularly in Duffy-negative individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using novel digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we assessed CNV of 3 key erythrocyte-binding genes of Plasmodium vivax isolated from DN individuals in 3 ecoepidemiological zones of Cameroon. For a subset of samples, we compare digital PCR (dPCR) results with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and PCR diagnostic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PvDBP1 duplications were detected in approximately 92% of DN P. vivax samples, compared to approximately 10% of the samples with multicopy PvEBP\/DBP2 and PvRBP2b. A significant positive correlation was detected between PvDBP1 CNV and parasite load among the samples. Both Malagasy- and Cambodian-type PvDBP1 duplications were detected. About one-third of the samples harbored both duplication types and these samples were exclusively in northern highlands of Cameroon, suggesting either polyclonal infections or a third duplication type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicopy PvDBP1 across all study sites may imply significant parasite adaptability and improved parasite invasion, potentially influencing parasitemia. This was confirmed by the significantly higher parasitemia observed in samples with Cambodian type and those with both duplication types compared to ones with no duplication. Furthermore, our data showed CNV analysis by qPCR may not be as precise as dPCR, particularly for low-parasitemia DN P. vivax samples. Predominantly low PvEBP\/DBP2 and PvRBP2b CNV raises questions to their role in parasite adaptation to invading DN erythrocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T07:49:55Z","timestamp":1749628195000},"page":"164-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digital PCR Reveals High\n                    <i>PvDBP<\/i>\n                    1 but not\n                    <i>PvEBP\/DBP<\/i>\n                    2 and\n                    <i>PvRBP<\/i>\n                    2b Copy Number in\n                    <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                    From Duffy-Negative Individuals in Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6200-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernis Neneyoh","family":"Yengo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Ruszin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh Cambel","family":"Dieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canelle","family":"Kipayko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nontokozo","family":"Mdluli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bate","family":"Ayukenchengamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea , Buea ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebai Calvin","family":"Bisong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Bamenda , Bamenda ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris Tabi","family":"Sona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea , Buea ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zidedine Nematchoua","family":"Weyou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea , Buea ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Sumbele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea , Buea ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Kuokuo","family":"Kimbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bamenda ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X","article-title":"Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite","volume":"9","author":"Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01261-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01261-16","article-title":"A novel erythrocyte binding protein of Plasmodium vivax suggests an alternate invasion pathway into Duffy-positive reticulocytes","volume":"7","author":"Ntumngia","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005091","article-title":"Independent origin and global distribution of distinct Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein gene duplications","volume":"10","author":"Hostetler","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan1078","article-title":"Transferrin receptor 1 is a reticulocyte-specific receptor for Plasmodium vivax","volume":"359","author":"Gruszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008151107","article-title":"Complement receptor 1 is the host erythrocyte receptor for Plasmodium falciparum PfRh4 invasion ligand","volume":"107","author":"Tham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7689250","article-title":"A receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax: the erythrocyte chemokine receptor","volume":"261","author":"Horuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.003","article-title":"The molecular basis of erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites","volume":"22","author":"Cowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0249-1","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of an essential Plasmodium vivax invasion complex","volume":"559","author":"Gruszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602","article-title":"The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy","volume":"295","author":"Miller","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1722-2","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy negative symptomatic individuals from Dschang, West Cameroon","volume":"16","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007140","article-title":"Growing evidence of Plasmodium vivax across malaria-endemic Africa","volume":"13","author":"Twohig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07711-5","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of Plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wilairatana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B13","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Copy number variations of Plasmodium vivax DBP1, EBP\/DBP2, and RBP2b in Ethiopians who are Duffy positive and Duffy negative","volume":"230","author":"Pestana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5802\/crbiol.95","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax blood stage invasion pathways: contribution of omics technologies in deciphering molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"345","author":"Bouyssou","year":"2022","journal-title":"C R Biol"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.11.007","article-title":"Unveiling P. vivax invasion pathways in Duffy-negative individuals","volume":"31","author":"Bouyssou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606113113","article-title":"Role of Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein 1 in invasion of Duffy-null Africans","volume":"113","author":"Gunalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2316304121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316304121","article-title":"Complement receptor 1 is the human erythrocyte receptor for Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte binding protein","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1258-x","article-title":"Plasmodium copy number variation scan: gene copy numbers evaluation in haploid genomes","volume":"15","author":"Beghain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144414","article-title":"Exploration of copy number variation in genes related to anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"736","author":"Qidwai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002489","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of field isolates reveals a common duplication of the Duffy binding protein gene in Malagasy Plasmodium vivax strains","volume":"7","author":"Menard","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0287668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287668","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein gene duplications in Sudan","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007222","article-title":"Frequent expansion of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein in Ethiopia and its epidemiological significance","volume":"13","author":"Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03843-7","article-title":"Sequence analysis of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding proteins reveals the presence of unique haplotypes and diversifying selection in Ethiopian isolates","volume":"20","author":"Golassa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8458-z","article-title":"DNA copy number concentration measured by digital and droplet digital quantitative PCR using certified reference materials","volume":"407","author":"Corbisier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1021\/ac500208w","article-title":"Comparative study of sensitivity, linearity, and resistance to inhibition of digital and nondigital polymerase chain reaction and loop mediated isothermal amplification assays for quantification of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"86","author":"Nixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2016.05.002","article-title":"Fundamentals of multiplexing with digital PCR","volume":"10","author":"Whale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol Detect Quantif"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1429286","article-title":"CYP2D6 copy number determination using digital PCR","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-016-0292-7","article-title":"A comparison between quantitative PCR and droplet digital PCR technologies for circulating microRNA quantification in human lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Campomenosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13581-8","article-title":"Accuracy of real-time PCR and digital PCR for the monitoring of total HIV DNA under prolonged antiretroviral therapy","volume":"12","author":"Renault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114859","article-title":"Comparison of quantitative PCR and digital PCR assays for quantitative detection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genome","volume":"324","author":"Isham","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114185","article-title":"Digital PCR assay for the effective detection of COVID-19 patients with SARS-CoV-2 low viral load","volume":"295","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.12.001","article-title":"A rapid multiplex assay of human malaria parasites by digital PCR","volume":"539","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03314-5","article-title":"Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for the detection of Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax","volume":"19","author":"Mahendran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3753-8","article-title":"Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination","volume":"12","author":"Antonio-Nkondjio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B35","first-page":"2025","article-title":"Conventional malaria diagnostics vastly undermine plasmodium vivax infections in predominantly duffy-negative Africa","author":"Dieng","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.249","article-title":"Short report: rapid DNA extraction from archive blood spots on filter paper for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"72","author":"Bereczky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1995.0025","article-title":"Species-specific 18S rRNA gene amplification for the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria parasites","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0596-4","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria among Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative populations in Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006555","article-title":"Genetic diversity in two Plasmodium vivax protein ligands for reticulocyte invasion","volume":"12","author":"Roesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01031-7","article-title":"The PvRBP2b-TfR1 interaction is not essential for reticulocytes invasion by Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia","volume":"9","author":"Feufack-Donfack","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-024-01304-7","article-title":"Duffy binding protein ligand (PvDBP) gene duplication in Indian P. vivax malaria isolates: implication for malaria research","volume":"70","author":"Shaikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Genet"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3599","article-title":"Genomic analysis of local variation and recent evolution in Plasmodium vivax","volume":"48","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14574-9","article-title":"Amplification of Duffy binding protein-encoding gene allows Plasmodium vivax to evade host anti-DBP humoral immunity","volume":"11","author":"Popovici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45829","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45829","article-title":"Rapid and iterative genome editing in the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi provides new tools for P. vivax research","volume":"8","author":"Mohring","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004526","article-title":"Complexity of infection and genetic diversity in Cambodian Plasmodium vivax","volume":"10","author":"Friedrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04132-7","article-title":"Evolutionary history of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium simium in the Americas","volume":"21","author":"Rougeron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04852-y","article-title":"Genomic insights into Plasmodium vivax population structure and diversity in Central Africa","volume":"23","author":"Gartner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6399-3","article-title":"Application of quantitative PCR for the detection of microorganisms in water","volume":"405","author":"Botes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026071923462965200_jiaf322-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.223289","article-title":"Quantitative nucleic acid amplification methods for viral infections","volume":"61","author":"Gullett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf322\/63476900\/jiaf322.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/1\/164\/63476900\/jiaf322.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/1\/164\/63476900\/jiaf322.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T03:46:40Z","timestamp":1784519200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/233\/1\/164\/8160846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf322","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}