{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:40:32Z","timestamp":1790293232458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses subtype H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1), subclade 2.3.4.4b infect multiple avian and mammalian species, posing a potential pandemic risk. Here we describe the outcomes of infection of ferrets with an HPAIV H5N1 virus, isolated from a European grey seal in 2023, compared with an older HPAIV H5N1 (A\/Indonesia\/05\/2005). Overall, infection of ferrets with A\/grey seal\/Netherlands\/302603\/2023 caused more rapid mortality than infection of ferrets with A\/Indonesia\/05\/2005. Animals developed severe pneumonia and irreversible hypothermia, associated with high levels of virus replication and histopathological changes in the respiratory tract and peripheral organs. As animal models for severe avian influenza virus infections in humans play a key role in the development of intervention strategies against these infections, these findings highlight the importance of using updated ferret models based on circulating virus strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1750838246000},"page":"e886-e896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A\/H5N1 Subclade 2.3.4.4b Isolated from a European Grey Seal (\n                    <i>Halichoerus grypus<\/i>\n                    ) Is Highly Virulent in Ferrets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7292-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Guilfoyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Speciality Services, Cerba Research (Formerly Viroclinics Xplore) , Schaijk ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Mirolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"de Waal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Speciality Services, Cerba Research (Formerly Viroclinics Xplore) , Schaijk ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"van Amerongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Speciality Services, Cerba Research (Formerly Viroclinics Xplore) , Schaijk ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"van der Net","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Speciality Services, Cerba Research (Formerly Viroclinics Xplore) , Schaijk ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"St\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Sophie","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1sgeir","family":"Bjarnason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Star-Oddi, Ltd , Gardabaer ,","place":["Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hekla","family":"Bryndis J\u00f3hannsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Star-Oddi, Ltd , Gardabaer ,","place":["Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guus","family":"Rimmelzwaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ludlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Osterhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031304470948200_jiaf348-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9820","article-title":"Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A\/Goose\/Guangdong\/1\/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong","volume":"261","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026031304470948200_jiaf348-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/39218","article-title":"A pandemic 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