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To improve access in low- and middle-income countries, WHO added antivirals to the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and included them in the Prequalification Programme. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework refined strategies for equitable access and rapid response. Lessons from COVID-19 led to a new WHO-led mechanism\u2014the Interim Medical Countermeasures Network (i-MCM-net)\u2014which supports integrated supply chains, real-time data sharing, research and development, and equitable access. WHO continues to emphasise equity and global solidarity, highlighting the need for accessible, effective, and affordable antivirals alongside vaccines to protect vulnerable populations and mitigate the impact of future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:27:24Z","timestamp":1760668044000},"page":"S210-S214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of WHO Influenza Antiviral Stockpile: Rapid Access and Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries for Pandemic Preparedness and Response"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahoko","family":"Shindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Management, WHO Heatlh Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Huvos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Management, WHO Heatlh Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Management, WHO Heatlh Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B2","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B3","volume-title":"WHO global influenza preparedness plan: the role of WHO and recommendations for national measures before and during pandemics","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B4","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04795","article-title":"Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic","volume":"442","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh092","article-title":"Containing pandemic influenza with antiviral agents","volume":"159","author":"Longini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B7","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B8","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B9","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B10","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B11","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B12","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B13","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B14","author":"Unicef"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B15","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B16","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B17","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025101622270622100_jiaf379-B18","author":"World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/Supplement_3\/S210\/64720096\/jiaf379.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/232\/Supplement_3\/S210\/64720096\/jiaf379.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:27:26Z","timestamp":1760668046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/232\/Supplement_3\/S210\/8287898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}