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However, the increasing resistance of H pylori to \u03b2-lactams, compounded by the rise of multidrug-resistant strains, presents a major challenge to effective treatment. The molecular mechanisms underlying \u03b2-lactam resistance in H pylori are multifactorial, including (1) mutations in penicillin-binding proteins, (2) production of \u03b2-lactamases, (3) alterations in outer membrane permeability, and (4) activation of efflux pumps. These mechanisms not only reduce the efficacy of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics but also contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant H pylori strains. Understanding these molecular pathways is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and enhance the effectiveness of treatment for H pylori infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T11:42:45Z","timestamp":1753357365000},"page":"S10-S20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of \u03b2-Lactam Resistance and Its Contribution to Multidrug Resistance in\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 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