{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1789019326339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021\u20132022, Queensland, Australia observed an increase in Legionnaire's disease cases, predominantly due to Legionella longbeachae. This study assessed seroprevalence at time points 2016 and 2023, representing before and after the higher incidence and explored if demographic, environmental and geographical factors associated with legionellosis seroprevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1001 human plasma samples (496 from 2016\/505 from 2023) were analysed for the presence of Legionella antibodies (IgG) using indirect immunofluorescence assays. Primary screens detected IgG to L. pneumophila serogroups (SG) 1\u20136, SG 7\u201314, or \u201cother\u201d Legionella spp. Samples positive for \u201cother\u201d underwent secondary screening for L. longbeachae SG 1 and 2. A chi-square test assessed associations between seroprevalence and demographics, while a generalized linear model evaluated rainfall, temperature, and land cover associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While total Legionella seroprevalence remained stable (32.46% vs 32.28%) between 2016 and 2023, we observed a decrease in L. pneumophila (SG 1\u20136: 19%\u201313% [P = .0182] and SG 7\u201314: 24%\u201318% [P = .0257]) and an increase in L. longbeachae (1%\u20133% [P = .0355]) seropositivity. L. pneumophila seroprevalence positively associated with higher rainfall and land cover, with croplands and urban areas showing increased prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2016 and 2023, total Legionella seroprevalence remained unchanged. However, rainfall and specific land cover types were positively associated with seropositivity for certain Legionella spp. This study highlights the importance of assessing Legionella exposure risks in high-risk areas, particularly for vulnerable individuals such as the elderly, immunosuppressed, or those with co-morbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T11:42:05Z","timestamp":1754480525000},"page":"e239-e249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against Legionella Species in Northeastern Australian Blood Donors, 2016 and 2023"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Juniper","family":"Lethbridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Southport, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3628-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley","family":"Freppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Southport, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Fong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Southport, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloise B","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland , Herston, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Rustanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood , Kelvin Grove, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6824-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Roulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood , Kelvin Grove, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny A","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Southport, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen M","family":"Faddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood , Kelvin Grove, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast , Petrie, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1241-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan K","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Griffith University , Southport, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5661-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara J","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Southport, QLD 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