{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:34:29Z","timestamp":1787499269052,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"Global Health EDCTP3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101103171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000877","name":"Rockefeller Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW011519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW011519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007588","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent Rift Valley fever (RVF) epidemiology in the eastern Africa region is characterized by widening geographic range and increasing frequency of small disease clusters. Here we conducted studies in the southwestern (SW) Uganda region that has since 2016 reported increasing RVF activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 22-month long hospital-based study in 3 districts of SW Uganda targeting patients with acute febrile illness or unexplained bleeding was followed by a cross-sectional population-based human-animal survey. We then estimated RVF virus (RVFV) force of infection and yearly cases using age-structured seroprevalence data and conducted genomic phylodynamic modelling of RVFV isolates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall RVF prevalence was 10.5% (205\/1968) among febrile or hemorrhagic cases, including 5% (100\/1968) with acute (PCR or IgM positive) infection, averaging 5 cases per month. Community-based seroprevalence of 11.8% (88\/743) among humans and 14.6% (347\/2383) in livestock was observed. Expected yearly human RVF cases were 314\u20132111 per 1369 km2 in SW Uganda, up to 3-fold higher than the 0\u2013711 yearly cases in comparable regions of Kenya and Tanzania. Viral genomic studies identified RVFV lineage C, subclade C.2.2 as the circulating strain in SW Uganda since 2019. Lineage C strain has undergone recent rapid evolution and clonal expansion resulting in 4 subclades, C.1.1, C.1.2, C.2.1, and C.2.2, that are adept at establishing endemicity in new territories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate an atypical RVF hyperendemic region in SW Uganda characterized by sustained human clinical RVF cases, unusually high population prevalence, and high number of expected yearly human cases, associated in part with emergence of new RVFV sublineages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T11:42:55Z","timestamp":1754134975000},"page":"e77-e88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hyperendemicity of Rift Valley Fever in Southwestern Uganda Associated With the Rapidly Evolving Lineage C Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barnabas","family":"Bakamutumaho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Program, International Livestock Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4728-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Clancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Nyakarahuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9257-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Situma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Washington State University Global Health-Kenya , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Odinoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Washington State University Global Health-Kenya , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Dawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Washington State University Global Health-Kenya , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyne","family":"Nasimiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Washington State University Global Health-Kenya , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan A","family":"Eskew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3057-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Balinandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Mulei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kayiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor R","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0819-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon L M","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Schieffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3210-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Lutwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Muruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Department, Uganda Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Kyobe","family":"Bosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Department, Uganda Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L","family":"Nuismer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel O","family":"Oyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Program, International Livestock Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Kariuki","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases-East and Central Africa , Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Paul G. 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