{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T01:00:23Z","timestamp":1760576423919,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Training Grant in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine","award":["T32 HL 007538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL 007538"]}]},{"name":"NIH Office of AIDS Research and Fogarty International Center","award":["D43 TW009337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW009337"]}]},{"name":"NIH Career Development Award","award":["K23-HL166022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-HL166022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006967","name":"Duke University Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH-funded program","award":["5P30-AI064518","K23-AI135090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30-AI064518","K23-AI135090"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Penn Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30-AI045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI045008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Children living with HIV (CLWH) are at high risk of colonization and infection by respiratory pathogens, though this risk can be reduced by other microbes in the upper respiratory microbiome. The impact of HIV infection on the pediatric upper respiratory microbiome is poorly understood, and we sought to address this knowledge gap by identifying associations between HIV infection and the nasopharyngeal microbiomes of Batswana children. We enrolled Batswana CLWH (&amp;lt;5 years) and age- and sex-matched HIV-exposed, uninfected and HIV-unexposed, uninfected children in a cross-sectional study. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare nasopharyngeal microbiomes by HIV status. Among the 143 children in this study, HIV and HIV-associated immunosuppression were associated with alterations in nasopharyngeal microbiome composition, including lower abundances of Corynebacterium species associated with resistance to bacterial pathogen colonization. These findings suggest that the upper respiratory microbiome may contribute to the high risk of respiratory infections among CLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T01:17:07Z","timestamp":1755047827000},"page":"815-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alterations of the Upper Respiratory Microbiome Among Children Living With HIV Infection in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sweta M","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Farirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Z","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifelane","family":"Boiditswe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana\u2014University of Pennsylvania Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leabaneng","family":"Tawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimane","family":"Lekalake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mogomotsi","family":"Matshaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]},{"name":"Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P","family":"Steenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana\u2014University of Pennsylvania Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonya","family":"Arscott-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana\u2014University of Pennsylvania Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen A","family":"Feemster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir S","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Hospital Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8152-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Thielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coleen K","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County , Orange, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence A","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana\u2014University of Pennsylvania Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, 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