{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:51:55Z","timestamp":1777427515221,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI152260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI152260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI134990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI134990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30AI179111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30AI179111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020360","name":"Infectious Disease Society of American Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa is typically focused on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), but non-falciparum species like P. ovale curtisi (Poc) and P. ovale wallikeri (Pow) appear to be rising in prevalence, especially in parts of East Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening of 7173 asymptomatic individuals over 5 years of age in coastal Tanzania from 2018\u20132022, employing real-time 18S rRNA PCR assays for P. falciparum and P. ovale, followed by Poc\/Pow detection. Plasmodium positivity was compared across seasons and demographic groups, and interactions between species were analyzed via binomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum infection (prevalence 27.4%) was associated with younger age, male sex, and higher recent cumulative rainfall, whereas these associations were not apparent for P. ovale (Po, prevalence 11.5%). P. ovale infections appeared to peak during months with lower Pf prevalence, especially during the long wet season, when Po mono-infections predominated and fewer Pf-Po co-infections were detected than expected by independent assortment. This apparent antagonism was reversed during the short wet season: Pf-Po co-infections were comparatively enriched despite low overall Po prevalence. In contrast, excess mixed Poc\/Pow infections were detected across all seasons, composing 23% of the Po-positive isolates in which a specific Po species could be detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiology of P. ovale species in coastal Tanzania suggests they are frequently present when P. falciparum recedes, but also co-infect the same hosts during the short wet season. Meanwhile, the individual Poc and Pow species often co-exist within individuals, perhaps due to co-transmission or concurrent relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1758888119000},"page":"391-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Variation and Interspecies Dynamics Among\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>ovale<\/i>\n                    Species in Bagamoyo, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3200-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Carey-Ewend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Marten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0962-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Editruda Ernest","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melic","family":"Odas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Msolo Credo","family":"Dominick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Infectious 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Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatuma","family":"Kisandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lusekelo","family":"Beka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kharabora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 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