{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:17Z","timestamp":1787008997171,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01TW009237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01TW009237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000690","name":"Research Councils UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J010367\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J010367\/1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGH5231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH5231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08AI182480-01)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08AI182480-01)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Timely and accurate diagnosis of spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) is difficult due to nonspecific symptoms and testing challenges. We evaluated serum antibodies to the tick salivary proteins AV422 and calreticulin as potential markers of recent tick exposure in febrile patients from northern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited febrile patients at 2 hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania, from February 2012 through May 2014. Acute and convalescent sera from enrolled participants were tested against Rickettsia africae antigen using indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs). Participants with \u22654-fold rise in R africae IFA immunoglobulin G reciprocal titer between sera were classified as cases (n = 70), those with paired sera with reciprocal titer \u226564 but no \u22654-fold rise as exposed (n = 40), and participants with reciprocal titer &amp;lt;32 in either sera as unexposed (n = 38). Acute and convalescent sera were tested for calreticulin and AV422 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found significantly higher calreticulin antibody levels in acute sera of cases compared to exposed, unexposed, and the combined comparator of exposed and unexposed (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval {CI}], 17.49 [6.37\u201328.61]; 17.61 [6.55\u201328.67]; and 18.11 [9.13\u201327.10], respectively). Calreticulin distinguished cases from exposed and unexposed among persons 0\u201315 years old with positive predictive value of 0.77 (95% CI, .61\u2013.88) and sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI, .81\u2013.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the acute phase of febrile illness, measurement of calreticulin antibody, a proposed marker for tick exposure, was higher in patients with confirmed tick-borne illness and had reasonable diagnostic test characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T11:56:19Z","timestamp":1759406179000},"page":"206-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibodies to Tick Salivary Antigens AV422 and Calreticulin in Patients With Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses and Other Febrile Illnesses in Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganga S","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bessie H","family":"Blocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deng B","family":"Madut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halie K","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L","family":"Perniciaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo E B","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5550-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blandina T","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KCMC University , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingileki F","family":"Lwezaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0456-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venance P","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KCMC University , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre , Moshi ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4529-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago , Dunedin ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5262-1421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew P","family":"Rubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke\u2013National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore 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