{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:19:57Z","timestamp":1778159997559,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019573","name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Welfare and Sports"},{"name":"Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization"},{"name":"IKNL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with hematologic malignancies, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is unknown and determinants of severe COVID-19 lack granularity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome we conducted a population-based, nationwide cohort study, including all adult Dutch residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 June 2020, and 31 March 2022. Individuals were classified as having a (history of) hematologic malignancy, solid malignancy, or no malignancies. Primary outcome was severe COVID-19, defined as COVID-19-related hospitalization or death following first SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 4 649 341 included individuals, those with hematologic malignancies were at highest risk of severe COVID-19. Vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancies was up to 74% (95% CI, 60% to 83%), depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant period, the number of received vaccinations, and the time interval since vaccination. Risk of severe COVID-19 was highest for patients with recently diagnosed hematologic malignancies and declined over time, except for patients with chronic hematologic malignancies. Risk of severe COVID-19 tended to be higher in patients on tumor-specific treatment such as CD38 and CD20 antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, and protein kinase inhibitors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination lowered the risk of severe COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with hematologic malignancies, although these patients remained at elevated risk compared with others. Determinants of severe COVID-19 included type of malignancy, time interval between malignancy diagnosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treatment. These data can guide healthcare professionals in designing additional prevention and therapeutic strategies against respiratory virus infections for patients with hematologic malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:56:32Z","timestamp":1760183792000},"page":"e363-e372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: A Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0216-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quincy","family":"Hofsink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9448-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit I","family":"Lissenberg-Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, VU University , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4095-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Haggenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Goorhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette D","family":"Hazenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline E","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"den Tex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth G E","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid A M","family":"van der Veldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanet M","family":"Kemmeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolette F","family":"de Keizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) Foundation , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Quality of Care, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C","family":"Huijgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL) , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash G","family":"Dinmohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL) , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"van Roon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Pijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caren","family":"van Roekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"van den Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J M","family":"Hahn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brechje","family":"de Gier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarom","family":"Heijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inger S","family":"Nijhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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