{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:56:19Z","timestamp":1773762979959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Theme-based Research Scheme","award":["T11-712\/19N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19N"]}]},{"name":"Theme-based Research Scheme","award":["T11-705\/21N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-705\/21N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017649","name":"Hong Kong Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["21200212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21200212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air travel has played a critical role in the global spread of infectious diseases, facilitating rapid movement of pathogens across continents. This study quantifies the effects of intercontinental flight volumes on both influenza and COVID-19 transmission patterns across countries with varying intensities of public health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed monthly global passenger numbers from January 2019 to July 2024, coupled with comprehensive surveillance data on both pathogens. Using a hierarchical Bayesian linear mixture modeling framework, we examined the relationship between flight volumes and disease activity while accounting for heterogeneity in public health and social measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis reveals that increased flight volumes were significantly associated with both influenza activity and COVID-19 case and mortality rates, with Asian flight spreading rate demonstrating the strongest association with influenza transmission and COVID-19 case rates. These effects were consistently stronger for COVID-19 than influenza and more pronounced in countries with less stringent control measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comparative approach provides unique insights into how different respiratory pathogens respond to aviation-mediated exposures, demonstrating that targeted travel restrictions can effectively impede disease transmission when implemented alongside appropriate public health interventions. These findings have important implications for the development of pathogen-specific strategies for mitigating the international spread of emerging respiratory threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T18:39:02Z","timestamp":1761590342000},"page":"e791-e801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Flight Volume Effects on COVID-19 and Influenza Transmission Across Variable Control Intensities, 2019\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 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Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 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