{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T03:32:12Z","timestamp":1783049532533,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP-2011-41304-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP-2011-41304-038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011318","name":"Fondation Botnar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2020CDF-3187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2020CDF-3187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005860","name":"Desmond Tutu Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029382","name":"HIV Vaccine Trials Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008096","name":"Fogarty Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlamydia trachomatis remains the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide, disproportionately affecting adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Vaccine development is hindered by a limited understanding of protective immunity, particularly in the context of multiple exposures and immunopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We characterized mucosal inflammation and systemic immune responses to C. trachomatis in South African AGYW (n = 145), stratified by exposure history based on nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and serology (Ab). Specifically, cervicovaginal cytokines, cervical T cell activation, and C. trachomatis-specific CD4+ T cell responses were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A NAAT+\/Ab + status, signifying untreated\/recurrent infection, was associated with increased cervical T cell activation. These women all had detectable C. trachomatis-specific CD4+ T cells in blood; however, the magnitude of the response was 2.4-fold lower than in NAAT\u2212\/Ab + (cleared infection) or NAAT+\/Ab\u2212 (primary infection) groups. C. trachomatis-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells were highest in NAAT\u2212\/Ab + women, and nearly absent in those who were NAAT+\/Ab +. Notably, systemic C. trachomatis-specific Th1 responses were overall inversely correlated with genital tract concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1\u03b2, TNF, and IL-17A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the magnitude and quality of the systemic CD4+ T cell responses are critical components of protective immunity to C. trachomatis and may limit mucosal immunopathology, informing vaccine strategies in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T13:31:29Z","timestamp":1763731889000},"page":"e290-e300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    -specific T Cell Immunity Reflects Widespread Exposure in South African Adolescents and Young Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubina","family":"Bunjun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"DSI-NRF CAPRISA Centres of Excellence in HIV Prevention, Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6993-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Lurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"DSI-NRF CAPRISA Centres of Excellence in HIV Prevention, Durban ,","place":["South 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Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venessa","family":"Maseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameem Z","family":"Jaumdally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoyam","family":"Gamieldien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District , Parramatta, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather B","family":"Jaspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute and University of Washington , Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda-Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, 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