{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:05:11Z","timestamp":1776150311717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI001123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI001123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI001124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI001124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS) is recognized as a cause of neurologic deterioration in previously healthy patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM). However, data on non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immunosuppressed patients remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between July 2018 and April 2025, 13 non-HIV immunosuppressed patients with CM who subsequently developed PIIRS were included. Clinical features, Karnofsky performance scores, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were compared at PIIRS diagnosis and during follow-up after corticosteroid therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients showed evidence of CNS inflammation, including abnormal CSF, MRI findings, and neurological symptoms such as altered mental status or visual\/hearing loss. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with significant improvements in Karnofsky scores at 1 month (P = .001), with sustained benefit at 6 and twelve months (P = .002); all 10 surviving patients demonstrated resolution of neurological symptoms. CSF inflammatory parameters including white blood cell (WBC) count, protein, and CSF\/serum glucose ratio also significantly improved at 1 month. Brain MRI findings also showed a trend toward improvement. All patients remained culture-negative post-PIIRS diagnosis. Three patients died: 1 from complications of alcoholic cirrhosis, the second from liver failure in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus and immunosuppression, and the third from sepsis after initiation of corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corticosteroids were associated with improvement in neurological status and neuroinflammation in non-HIV, immunosuppressed patients with PIIRS following CM. These findings support its potential role as salvage therapy in this population and highlight the need for systematic data collection or randomized trials to better guide corticosteroid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:05:45Z","timestamp":1765976745000},"page":"e553-e560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Corticosteroid Therapy and Long-Term Outcomes of Post-Infectious Inflammatory Syndrome in Non-HIV Immunosuppressed Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Multicenter Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuya","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Londyn","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica S","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kiritsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division 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W","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin K","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shmuel","family":"Shoham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer E","family":"Beaird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song C","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius N","family":"Van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center for Infectious Diseases, Cone Health , Greensboro, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Children's Hospital , Charlottesville, Virginia 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