{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:41:45Z","timestamp":1776231705134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-028721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-028721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-041730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-041730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-016650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-016650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-031791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-031791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-036891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-036892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shigella vaccine development is a critical priority due to high burden and long-term outcomes among children. Choosing a clinical efficacy endpoint for Shigella vaccine trials requires comparing existing diarrhea severity definitions among children with Shigella.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six- to 35-month-old children presenting with diarrhea were enrolled at 7 EFGH study sites. Among children with Shigella, 6 diarrhea severity definitions (Global Enteric Multicenter Study [GEMS] moderate-to-severe diarrhea [MSD], modified Vesikari score [MVS], MVS +\/\u2212 dysentery, Clark score, MAL-ED score, and Shigella mortality score) were examined against 2 outcomes: change in length\/height-for-age z-score (\u0394LAZ\/HAZ) over 3 months and death or hospitalization within 14 days. We compared the performance of each severity score to predict outcomes using linear regression and measures of diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate or severe diarrhea was negatively associated with \u0394LAZ\/HAZ by MVS (\u22120.07 z-score, 95% CI \u22120.10 to \u22120.03), MVS +\/\u2212 dysentery (\u22120.05, 95% CI \u22120.09 to \u22120.02), and MAL-ED score (\u22120.04, 95% CI \u22120.07 to 0.00). GEMS MSD (93.6%), MAL-ED (87.2%), MVS +\/\u2212 dysentery (85.1%), and MVS (80.9%) had high sensitivity in predicting death or hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MVS, MVS +\/\u2212 dysentery, and MAL-ED score identified adverse outcomes following Shigella diarrhea and are viable options for a vaccine trial case definition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:16:48Z","timestamp":1765372608000},"page":"607-617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defining Severe Shigellosis in the Enterics for Global Health Study: A Comparison of Leading Diarrhea Severity Definitions Among Children With\n                    <i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia Lang","family":"Schultes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneeta","family":"Hotwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University , Karachi ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia B","family":"Pavlinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Jahangir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4158-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Khanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flywell","family":"Kawonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2050-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F","family":"Garcia Bardales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociacion Benefica Prisma , Iquitos, Loreto ,","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex O","family":"Awuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Badji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakary","family":"Conteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cornick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Feutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean R","family":"Galagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ensa","family":"Gitteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric R","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University , Karachi ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furqan","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adama Mamby","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development Mali , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University , Shandong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donnie","family":"Mategula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chimwemwe","family":"Mhango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2073-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Parvej","family":"Mosharraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Ogwel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Okonji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4865-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uduma Uma","family":"Onwuchekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development Mali , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tackeshy","family":"Pinedo Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociacion Benefica Prisma , Iquitos, Loreto ,","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3734-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S M Azadul Alam","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucero","family":"Romaina-Cachique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociacion Benefica Prisma , Iquitos, Loreto ,","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Schiaffino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima ,","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6476-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milagritos D","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon M","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Tahir","family":"Yousafzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University , Karachi ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khuzwayo C","family":"Jere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret N","family":"Kosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samba O","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development Mali , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4173-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Naz","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University , Karachi ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4942-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth T","family":"Rogawski McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen L","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Benjamin","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EFGH Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Riziki","family":"Aluoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian Achieng","family":"Ambila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Anyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Apondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Taufiqur Rahman","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bubacarr E","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel A","family":"Cunliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irum","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bri\u2019Anna","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Ismail","family":"Hossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Taufiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Jallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samba Juma","family":"Jallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrab","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Lefu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia Manzanares","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine J","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Munga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Ndalama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Latif","family":"Ndeketa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribel Paredes","family":"Olortegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo Penataro","family":"Yori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Qudrat-E-Khuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul Hasan","family":"Rajib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Queen","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doh","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ousman","family":"Secka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wagner Valentino Shapiama","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirkby D","family":"Tickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loyda Fiorella Zegarra","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30483-2","article-title":"Burden of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella non-fatal diarrhoeal infections in 79 low-income and lower middle-income countries: a modelling analysis","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091376","article-title":"The Shigella vaccines pipeline","volume":"10","author":"MacLennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.01.022","article-title":"Secondary efficacy endpoints of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against gastroenteritis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"30","author":"Tapia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016571","article-title":"Evaluation of oral cholera vaccine (Euvichol-Plus) effectiveness against Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh: an interim analysis","volume":"10","author":"Khanam","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506223","article-title":"Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease","volume":"373","author":"Hadinegoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002504","article-title":"Quadrivalent influenza vaccine prevents illness and reduces healthcare utilization across diverse geographic regions during five influenza seasons: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Dbaibo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103310","article-title":"Human challenge study with a Shigella bioconjugate vaccine: analyses of clinical efficacy and correlate of protection","volume":"66","author":"Talaat","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E569","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1545","article-title":"The clinical presentation of culture-positive and culture-negative, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)-attributable shigellosis in the global enteric multicenter study and derivation of a Shigella severity score: implications for pediatric Shigella vaccine trials","volume":"73","author":"Pavlinac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027046","article-title":"Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes","volume":"22","author":"Ruuska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829ae5a3","article-title":"Validation of the modified Vesikari score in children with gastroenteritis in 5 US emergency departments","volume":"57","author":"Schnadower","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040489","article-title":"Pivotal Shigella vaccine efficacy trials-study design considerations from a Shigella Vaccine Trial Design Working Group","volume":"10","author":"Pavlinac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001286","article-title":"A comparison of diarrheal severity scores in the MAL-ED multisite community-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad586","article-title":"Optimizing vaccine trials for enteric diseases: the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study","volume":"11","author":"Vannice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad664","article-title":"Diarrhea case surveillance in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella surveillance study: epidemiologic methods","volume":"11","author":"Atlas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad574","article-title":"Shigella detection and molecular serotyping with a customized TaqMan array card in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH): Shigella surveillance study","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad576","article-title":"Microbiological methods used in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella surveillance study","volume":"11","author":"Horne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad573","article-title":"Data management in multicountry consortium studies: the Enterics For Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study example","volume":"11","author":"Feutz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B19","volume-title":"WHO child growth standards: length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B20","author":"Bl\u00f6ssner"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.570","article-title":"Protective effect of WC3 vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants during a predominantly serotype 1 rotavirus season","volume":"158","author":"Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B22","volume-title":"Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab434","article-title":"Pathogens associated with linear growth faltering in children with diarrhea and impact of antibiotic treatment: the Global Enteric Multicenter Study","volume":"224","author":"Nasrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052664","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human\u2013bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine","volume":"354","author":"Vesikari","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.036","article-title":"Global burden of diarrheal diseases among children in developing countries: incidence, etiology, and insights from new molecular diagnostic techniques","volume":"35","author":"Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30150-4","article-title":"External validation of the DHAKA score and comparison with the current IMCI algorithm for the assessment of dehydration in children with diarrhoea: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac969","article-title":"Shigella in Africa: new insights from the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study","volume":"76","author":"Kasumba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0836-6","article-title":"Slow progress in diarrhea case management in low and middle income countries: evidence from cross-sectional national surveys, 1985\u20132012","volume":"17","author":"Sreeramareddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn099","article-title":"Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting","volume":"37","author":"Checkley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00370.x","article-title":"A cost function analysis of shigellosis in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Riewpaiboon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2026031710053101400_jiaf630-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01374-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01374-17","article-title":"Direct detection of Shigella in stool specimens by use of a metagenomic approach","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf630\/65847143\/jiaf630.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/3\/607\/65847143\/jiaf630.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/3\/607\/65847143\/jiaf630.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:05:44Z","timestamp":1773756344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/233\/3\/607\/8377418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf630","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}}}