{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:19:12Z","timestamp":1777774752573,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004792","name":"French Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yellow fever virus (YFV), a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus, remains a significant public health concern, especially in regions with low vaccine coverage. Since 2010, yellow fever vaccination is not recommended for breastfeeding women due to reported cases of vaccine strain transmission through breast milk causing neonatal meningoencephalitis. However, breastfeeding transmission efficiency of the vaccine strains remains unknown, and wild-type strain transmission has been suggested following viral RNA detection in milk. Obtaining direct evidence of breastfeeding-related transmission in humans is challenging as vector-borne exposure confounds analyses, making animal models essential for assessing this risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used an A129 mouse model to investigate YFV transmission via breastfeeding for wild-type and vaccine strains, and human epithelial in vitro models to explore mechanisms of mammary and intestinal barrier crossing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wild-type and vaccine strains spread to mammary glands, targeting mainly stromal and immune cells, and are excreted into milk as free and cell-associated virus. In vitro, mammary epithelial cells also support infection, suggesting 2 mechanisms of epithelial crossing. Neonates are susceptible to oral infection, showing higher infection rates for wild-type virus but evidence of neuroinvasion for both strains. These strains infect and cross an in vitro human intestinal barrier model, suggesting this epithelium as a potential viral entry site for neonates. Finally, the virus can be transmitted from infected dams to suckling pups via breastfeeding, though rarely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates YFV transmission through breastfeeding in an animal model and supports the biological plausibility of this route, highlighting its potential among YFV transmission risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T12:37:50Z","timestamp":1765802270000},"page":"e1056-e1068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vivo Risk Assessment of Yellow Fever Virus Transmission Through Breastfeeding, and Mechanistic Insights"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9126-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne","family":"Pascard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Desgraupes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Chiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cellular Plasticity and Age-Related Pathologies Group, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 3738 , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Jeannin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7983-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kanaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Gessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cellular Plasticity and Age-Related Pathologies Group, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 3738 , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Emmanuel","family":"Ceccaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurore","family":"Vidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology Department , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B1","author":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean."},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Yellow fever","volume":"64","author":"Monath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2022.10.005","article-title":"Yellow fever: a perennial threat","volume":"53","author":"Tuells","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.4.553","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccine","volume":"4","author":"Monath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B5","first-page":"34","article-title":"Transfusion-related transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus\u2014California, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00170-2","article-title":"Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through blood transfusion and organ transplantation in the USA in 2021: report of an investigation","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.110242","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of yellow fever, Brazil, 2009","volume":"17","author":"Bentlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.6.1520","article-title":"Congenital yellow fever virus infection after immunization in pregnancy","volume":"168","author":"Tsai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B9","first-page":"130","article-title":"Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through breast-feeding\u2014Brazil, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E243","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.100619","article-title":"Case report: probable transmission of vaccine strain of yellow fever virus to an infant via breast milk","volume":"183","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B11","first-page":"269","article-title":"Infant meningoencephalitis caused by yellow fever vaccine virus transmitted via breastmilk","volume":"87","author":"Traiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B12","first-page":"285","article-title":"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 16\u201317 June 2010","volume":"85","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"RR-7","key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002496","article-title":"Detection of wild-type yellow fever virus in breast milk","volume":"39","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13473","article-title":"Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk","volume":"32","author":"Van de Perre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1939.s1-19.19","article-title":"Failure of Aedes aegypti to transmit yellow fever cultured virus (17D)","volume":"s1-19 : Issue 1","author":"Whitman","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071312","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of arboviruses during breastfeeding: from epidemiology to cellular mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Desgraupes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050851","article-title":"Excretion of cell-free and cell-associated Zika virus into breast milk of infected dams and identification of antiviral factors","volume":"14","author":"Desgraupes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000614","article-title":"A mouse model for studying viscerotropic disease caused by yellow fever virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Meier","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.087643","article-title":"Mammary gland development: cell fate specification, stem cells and the microenvironment","volume":"142","author":"Inman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-017-0042-4","article-title":"Cells of human breast milk","volume":"22","author":"Witkowska-Zimny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00068","article-title":"Primary mammary organoid model of lactation and involution","volume":"8","author":"Sumbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-46-1-1","article-title":"The in vivo differentiation of strains of yellow fever virus in mice","volume":"46","author":"Fitzgeorge","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.71.1840.367.a","article-title":"Susceptibility of white mice to the virus of yellow fever","volume":"71","author":"Theiler","year":"1930","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-56-2-363","article-title":"Isolation of plaque variants differing in virulence from the 17D strain of yellow fever virus","volume":"56","author":"Liprandi","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-4-631","article-title":"Comparison of neurovirulence of different strains of yellow fever virus in mice","volume":"67","author":"Barrett","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000026","article-title":"Molecular and immunological characterization of a DNA-launched yellow fever virus 17D infectious clone","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007072","article-title":"Yellow fever virus is susceptible to sofosbuvir both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"13","author":"de Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.02.033","article-title":"Next generation live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine candidate: safety and immuno-efficacy in small animal models","volume":"39","author":"Piras-Douce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2049983","article-title":"Rifapentine is an entry and replication inhibitor against yellow fever virus both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110972","article-title":"A safer cell-based yellow fever live attenuated vaccine protects mice against YFV infection","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01889","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01889-24","article-title":"Combating yellow fever virus with 7-deaza-7-fluoro-2\u2032-C-methyladenosine","volume":"69","author":"LeCher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524678","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.524678","article-title":"Evidence that Zika virus is transmitted by breastfeeding to newborn A129 (Ifnar1 knock-out) mice and is able to infect and cross a tight monolayer of human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Hubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026042913524041400_jiaf637-B34","volume-title":"Guideline: infant feeding in areas of Zika virus transmission","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf637\/65944461\/jiaf637.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/4\/e1056\/65944461\/jiaf637.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/4\/e1056\/65944461\/jiaf637.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:52:50Z","timestamp":1777485170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/233\/4\/e1056\/8382679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf637","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}}}