{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:52:16Z","timestamp":1787698336125,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B43C22000690006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B43C22000690006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The persistence of immunological memory after immunization against monkeypox virus (MPXV) is unclear. This study assessed MPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) at &amp;gt; 2 years from mpox or Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study including individuals with previous mpox or vaccination with MVA-BN, whose MPXV-specific nAb titers were already assessed at 6 months from either event at our center. Neutralizing titers were determined at &amp;gt; 2 years from mpox or vaccination by plaque reduction neutralization test (positive \u2265 1:10) as the maximum dilution with reduction of cytopathic effect of 90% and 50% (IC90 and IC50). Groups were compared using \u03c72 test, Fisher exact test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Association between titers at &amp;gt; 2 years and individuals characteristics was evaluated with ordinal logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 48 individuals with previous mpox and 42 vaccinees were included, all were men. At &amp;gt; 2 years from mpox or vaccination, 22 of 90 (24.44%) and 53 of 90 (58.8%) had positive nAb titers, respectively, at IC90 and IC50. At IC50 previous mpox was associated with positive titers (68.75% vs 47.62%; P = .042), with univariate analysis associating higher titers at 6 months to higher titers at &amp;gt; 2 years (odds ratio [OR] = 6.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89\u201322.07; P = .003). In multivariate analysis, historical smallpox vaccination was associated with higher titers at &amp;gt; 2 years (OR = 5.37; 95% CI, 1.31\u201322.00; P = .020), whilst previous mpox was marginally associated (OR = 2.08; 95% CI, .94\u20134.62; P = .073).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study including individuals with previous mpox or vaccination with MVA-BN whose MPXV-specific nAb titers were already assessed at 6 months from either event. MPXV-specific nAbs waned at &amp;gt; 2 years from previous infection or vaccination, often becoming undetectable. Higher nAb titers at 6 months (univariate) and prior smallpox vaccination (multivariate) were associated with nAb detection at &amp;gt; 2 years, whilst previous mpox was marginally associated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T12:23:41Z","timestamp":1767443021000},"page":"43-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Humoral Dilemma: Reassessing Monkeypox Virus Neutralizing Antibodies at More Than 2 Years From Mpox or Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7520-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Moschetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan 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