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We hypothesized that individuals with exceptionally low anti\u2013EBNA-1 levels represent a biologically distinct subgroup. Twenty healthy adults were classified by their antibody titers into 17 individuals with typical-range titers and 3 low outliers. Participants provided 204 saliva samples longitudinally. Typical-range participants frequently shed EBV, while low outliers had no detectable shedding (P = .0002). While all participants were confirmed to be EBV positive, nonshedders showed restricted antibody diversity limited to latent and immediate\u2013early antigens. Our findings define a distinct nonshedder phenotype that suppresses viral replication despite harboring latent virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1767443197000},"page":"758-762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Threshold in Anti\u2013EBNA-1 Antibody Titers Distinguishes Salivary EBV Shedders From Nonshedders"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0700-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor","family":"Mahler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe A","family":"Bilodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahisa","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Bobrowski-Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3795-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Matiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjetil","family":"Bjornevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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