{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:18:47Z","timestamp":1777774727188,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI094189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K01AI162247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AI162247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center National Institute on Aging","award":["P30 AG021334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG021334"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center National Institute on Aging","award":["K23AG084877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AG084877"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center National Institute on Aging","award":["R01 DK 122843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK 122843"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center National Institute on Aging","award":["P51 OD011092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011092"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008143","name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) fragments are released into the bloodstream following cell death and are associated with comorbidities seen in people with HIV-1 (PWH). However, ccf-mtDNA dynamics in acute and chronic HIV infection remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We quantified short and long ccf-mtDNA fragments in serum from 2 cohorts of PWH and people without HIV (PWoH), collected at 1, 3, and 5 years in the first cohort (N = 890) and 1 and 5 years in the second (N = 427). Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to analyze longitudinal associations of ccf-mtDNA levels with HIV status and markers (CD4-cell count, viral load). In parallel, we examined ccf-mtDNA levels in nonhuman primates (NHPs) before and after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and following 3 and 6 months of ART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both human cohorts, PWH had significantly lower levels of short and long ccf-mtDNA fragments compared with PWoH. Individuals with lower CD4 T-cell counts exhibited further reductions in ccf-mtDNA levels. In NHPs, short ccf-mtDNA levels increased after infection, peaking before ART initiation (P = .001), and subsequently declined, reaching levels below baseline after 6 months on ART. Long ccf-mtDNA fragments remained stable during the early post-ART phase but declined significantly by 6 months (P = .02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic HIV infection and treated SIV infection are associated with reduced ccf-mtDNA levels, particularly in advanced disease stages. Further research is needed to clarify their role in immune activation, chronic inflammation, and aging-related comorbidities in PWH and their applicability as clinically relevant biomarkers of these processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:54:04Z","timestamp":1767963244000},"page":"652-663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitochondrial DNA Fragment Dynamics in Acute and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Insights From Human and Nonhuman Primate Models"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland 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