{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:18:14Z","timestamp":1777774694929,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI120793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI120793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI142647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI142647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI168386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI168386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD098746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD098746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced early-life interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) production capacity may limit sensitivity of IFN-\u03b3 release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)\u2013specific responses in young children. Measuring non-IFN-\u03b3 cytokine responses may improve detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood from children exposed to HIV but uninfected and children unexposed to HIV in Western Kenya were collected at 6 to 10 weeks, and 12 and 24 months of age. Cells were incubated overnight with Mtb-specific CFP-10\/ESAT-6 peptides and Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (positive control). CD4 and CD8 T-cell expression of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 and TNF cytokines was measured by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 213 children, 28.6% had CFP-10\/ESAT-6-specific CD4 and\/or CD8 responses through 24 months. No children with Mtb-specific responses had a reported tuberculosis exposure. Mtb-specific non-IFN-\u03b3+ responses (IL-2+ and\/or TNF+) were more common than IFN-\u03b3+ responses (26.3% vs 10.3%, P &amp;lt; .001). Non-IFN-\u03b3 cytokines alone identified 18.3% of children, compared with 2.4% identified by IFN-\u03b3+ responses alone (P &amp;lt; .001). Prevalence of Mtb-specific responses was similar regardless of HIV exposure (HIV exposed, 31.5%; HIV unexposed, 25.5%, P = .33). At 6 to 10 weeks, children were more likely to have non-IFN-\u03b3+ than IFN-\u03b3+ responses to the positive control (96.3% vs 77.8%, P = .004); by 24 months, all children mounted both IFN-\u03b3+ and non-IFN-\u03b3+ responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mtb-specific CD4\/CD8 responses were common among Kenyan children through 24 months, despite limited reported tuberculosis exposures. Non-IFN-\u03b3+ cytokine expression identified substantially more children than IFN-\u03b3+ alone, suggesting current IFN-\u03b3 release assays may miss early-life Mtb-specific responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:34:51Z","timestamp":1768566891000},"page":"e981-e989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis\u2013<\/i>\n                    Specific CFP-10\/ESAT-6 CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Non-IFN-\u03b3+ Responses Are Common in Young Kenyan Children Despite Low Reported Tuberculosis Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia M","family":"LaCourse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of 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