{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:19:23Z","timestamp":1777774763328,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"US National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH K01AI182503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K01AI182503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01HL153611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01HL153611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019748","name":"Johns Hopkins University Tuberculosis Research Advancement Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH P30AI168436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P30AI168436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many individuals previously infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may clear their infections or experience substantially reduced progression risks over time. Such dynamics suggest that recent transmission is more important in driving TB incidence in high-burden settings than previously estimated; thus, the impact of interventions to reduce transmission (eg, community-based active case finding) may also be greater than previously thought.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We constructed 2 models of Mtb transmission that differed only in the inclusion of a clearance mechanism. We calibrated these models independently to the same set of epidemiological data representative of a high-TB-burden setting (India) and used the calibrated models to project the impact of illustrative biennial active case-finding campaigns (75% coverage; 65% sensitivity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated annual risk of Mtb infection and prevalence of recent infection were substantially higher in the model with Mtb clearance, despite being fit to the same data. The clearance model projected a greater impact of case finding on the incidence of TB disease: 45% [95% uncertainty interval 28%\u201357%] reduction compared to no intervention after 10 years versus 11% [6%\u201318%] in the model without clearance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Models that allow for Mtb clearance are evidence-supported and project greater impact from active case finding than models that do not include these dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1769258275000},"page":"e990-e998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling the Impact of Case Finding for Tuberculosis: The Role of Infection Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3214-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa S","family":"Ryckman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sourya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony T","family":"Fojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3744-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parastu","family":"Kasaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0083-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily A","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240696","article-title":"Active case-finding policy development, implementation and scale-up in high-burden countries: a mixed-methods survey with National Tuberculosis Programme managers and document review","volume":"15","author":"Biermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003835","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003835","article-title":"Finding the missing millions: lessons from 10 active case finding interventions in high tuberculosis burden countries","volume":"5","author":"Pande","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B4","first-page":"101047","article-title":"Population-wide active case finding as a strategy to end TB","volume":"46","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pa"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B5","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-024-00042-9","article-title":"Community-based active-case finding for tuberculosis: navigating a complex minefield","volume":"2","author":"MacPherson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902129","article-title":"Community-wide screening for tuberculosis in a high-prevalence setting","volume":"381","author":"Marks","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J 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Elsevier"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114431","article-title":"Prospects for tuberculosis elimination","volume":"34","author":"Dye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005050","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005050","article-title":"Potential impact, costs, and benefits of population-wide screening interventions for tuberculosis in Viet Nam: A mathematical modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Schwalb","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026042913525882100_jiag050-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202011-4239PP","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis: two centuries of confusion","volume":"204","author":"Behr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care 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