{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:47Z","timestamp":1792785947884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012737","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Theme-based Research Scheme","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RGC Senior Research Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HKU SRFS2021-7S03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKU SRFS2021-7S03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated influenza vaccination has been associated with attenuated immune responses and reduced clinical effectiveness. Most studies have focused on the responses at 30 days post-vaccination. As influenza did not circulate in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, we were able to investigate vaccine responses in the absence of infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this community-based cohort study in Hong Kong, we investigated the impact of repeated annual influenza vaccination on antibody titer boosting and waning rates of 8 contemporary vaccine strains in 2021\/22 and 2022\/23, using hemagglutination inhibition assays. We estimated the impact of repeat vaccination on mean fold rises and on post-vaccination titers. We investigated differences by vaccination history in titer waning rates using a power law model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found differences in post-vaccination geometric mean and mean fold rises in titers against several vaccine strains in repeat vaccinees in 2022\/23 compared to 2021\/22. However, although participants with higher vaccination uptake had significantly slower antibody waning against A\/Victoria\/2570\/2019, B\/Phuket\/3073\/2013, and B\/Austria\/1359417\/2019, they reached similar antibody titers at 6 months post-vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that repeated influenza vaccination is associated with reduced titer increase at day 14 post-vaccination, but has less impact on antibody levels at 6 months post-vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:44:32Z","timestamp":1769172272000},"page":"e1364-e1373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Repeat Influenza Vaccination Effects in 2021\/22 and 2022\/23 in a Community-Based Cohort in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9868-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Touyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5640-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki Y M","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7293-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel M S","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis K M","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Centre for Immunology & Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park , New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily T","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook-San","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Centre for Immunology & Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park , New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy H 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