{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:51:09Z","timestamp":1793659869832,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response","award":["HHS 75N93021C000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS 75N93021C000045"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response","award":["5T32AI007417-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007417-25"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"US Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seasonal influenza causes significant global morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Ongoing viral evolution can lead to vaccine mismatch and the emergence of antiviral resistance, highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance. The 2024\u20132025 influenza season was characterized by high incidence and increased hospitalizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed influenza A virus (IAV) genomes and clinical characteristics from the 2024\u20132025 season. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 648 influenza A\u2013positive clinical specimens collected between October 2024 and April 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hemagglutinin (HA) sequences were recovered from 74.23% (481\/648) of samples and used for subtyping and phylogenetic analysis. A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses cocirculated, representing 55.5% and 44.5% of cases, respectively. Among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, the HA1 substitution T120A, located near the Sa antigenic site, increased more than 2-fold compared with the prior season. Circulating A(H3N2) viruses belonged to multiple HA subclades and exhibited distinct amino acid substitutions at key antigenic sites. Neutralization assays using sera from individuals vaccinated with the 2024\u20132025 seasonal influenza vaccine demonstrated reduced neutralization of 3 dominant A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates and 2 A(H3N2) isolates compared with vaccine strains, consistent with antigenic drift. In addition, the neuraminidase substitution S247N, previously associated with reduced oseltamivir susceptibility, was detected in 13.9% of A(H1N1)pdm09 samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate ongoing antigenic drift and the presence of antiviral resistance\u2013associated mutations during the 2024\u20132025 influenza season, underscoring the need for continued genomic surveillance to guide vaccine and antiviral strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:33:00Z","timestamp":1770121980000},"page":"e1386-e1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genomic Evolution of Influenza A Virus During the 2024\u20132025 Season, the Johns Hopkins Health System: Antigenic Drift Reduces Serum Neutralization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7159-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Villafuerte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amary","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elgin","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne P","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6588-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Pinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yee","family":"Vue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7044-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting Xuan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Z J","family":"Fenstermacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C Paul","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1304-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eili","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy , Washington DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School 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