{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:54:38Z","timestamp":1785779678177,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIAAI001222-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAI001222-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIAAI001265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAI001265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIAAI001376-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAI001376-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261200800001E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261200800001E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIAID K23 AI136579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIAID K23 AI136579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most pandemic-associated chilblains (PAC) resolve spontaneously, but a subset of patients develops persistent or recurrent disease. We analyzed peripheral cytokine profiles in 17 patients with prolonged PAC and identified elevated IFN-\u03b3, CXCL10, CX3CL1, IL-16, CCL22, and S100A8. In contrast to the transient type I interferon response described in acute PAC, prolonged disease was characterized by a type II interferon-skewed inflammatory signature with T-cell activation and endothelial involvement. Frequent autoimmune comorbidities suggest baseline immune dysregulation contributing to chronicity. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets, including JAK inhibition and IFN-\u03b3\u2013directed therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:26:22Z","timestamp":1771331182000},"page":"e29-e33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune-Based Cytokine Signatures of Prolonged Pandemic-Associated Chilblains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9260-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sangiorgio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania 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and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry A","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7226-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina A","family":"Montealegre Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karyl","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen C","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Kuhns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1717-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D","family":"Burbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi D","family":"Notarangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottavia M","family":"Delmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313213192300_jiag103-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2022.09.010","article-title":"Chilblain-like lesions coinciding with the SARS-CoV-2 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