{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:13:26Z","timestamp":1788369206364,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"MenAfriNet Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1084298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1084298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-010768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Burkina Faso and Niger experience hyperendemic meningitis. We describe their bacterial meningitis epidemiology during 2015\u20132023, after meningococcal A and prior to meningococcal ACWYX (Men5CV) conjugate vaccine introductions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-based surveillance included demographics, clinical information, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from suspected meningitis cases. CSF specimens were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) and culture to detect Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), or Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). Nm serogroup (A, C, W, Y, X, B, or indeterminate) was established by rt-PCR or slide agglutination. Annual incidences were calculated using country census estimates as population denominators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2015\u20132023, 20 538 suspected cases were reported in Burkina Faso and 18 047 in Niger. In Burkina Faso, 3722 of 16 350 CSF specimens tested were positive; 2357 (64%) were Sp and 512 (14%) Nm serogroup W; Hi and Nm serogroups A, C, X, and indeterminate were also detected (&amp;lt;1%\u20139% each). In Niger, 4372 of 11 076 CSF specimens tested were positive; 3003 (69%) were Nm serogroup C and 703 (16%) were Sp; Hi and Nm serogroups B, W, X, and indeterminate were also detected (&amp;lt;1%\u20138% each). Average annual incidences per 100 000 population of Nm, Sp, and Hi were 0.7, 1.6, and 0.2 for Burkina Faso and 4.1, 0.8, and 0.2 for Niger. Children aged 5\u20139 years in Burkina Faso and 10\u201314 years in Niger had the highest Nm incidences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nm, Sp, and Hi continue to cause disease in Burkina Faso and Niger. Men5CV could help address the burden of serogroup C, W, and X meningococcal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:36:16Z","timestamp":1771677376000},"page":"e402-e413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacterial Meningitis Epidemiology in Burkina Faso and Niger\u2014High-Risk Countries in the Meningitis Belt of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0915-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica A","family":"Pinell-McNamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed S","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso Direction de la Promotion de la Sant\u00e9, , Ouagadougou ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lassane","family":"Kafando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso Direction de la Promotion de la Sant\u00e9, , Ouagadougou ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicale et Sanitaire , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aichatou Arzika","family":"Issoufou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de la Population et des Affaires Sociales du Niger Direction de la Surveillance et de la Riposte aux Epid\u00e9mies, , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elhadji Ibrahim","family":"Tassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de la Population et des Affaires Sociales du Niger Direction de la Surveillance et de la Riposte aux Epid\u00e9mies, , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamoudou","family":"Sanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire P\u00e9diatrique Charles de Gaulle , Ouagadougou ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Tarbangdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davycas International , Ouagadougou ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Bita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for Africa, 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Neatherlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan T","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3710-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahamoudou","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for 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