{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:19:29Z","timestamp":1783739969121,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000969","name":"Australian Academy of Science Regional Collaborations Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1173210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1173210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2033264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2033264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2016726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2017630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2024622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2024622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"Victorian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008717","name":"Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Viertel Senior Medical Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021281","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-05142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-05142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021281","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-024368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-024368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020687","name":"Australian Centre of Research Excellence in Malaria Elimination","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasmodium vivax presents a significant obstacle to malaria elimination due to its capacity to form dormant liver-stage hypnozoites that can cause relapses. Universal radical cure, which administers hypnozoite-targeting treatment to patients with P. falciparum malaria living in co-endemic areas, has potential to reduce P. vivax relapses. However, its implementation is hindered by the lack of a diagnostic tool for detecting hypnozoite-carriage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>P. vivax serological exposure markers (SEMs) were evaluated as a screening tool in P. falciparum patients for predicting risk of P. vivax microscopy-detected episodes over the following 63 days. Analysis was performed using samples from participants in the PRIMA study from Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh (NCT03916003). An existing random forest serological classification algorithm was used and evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, then further optimized by re-training a study-specific model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IgG antibodies were measured in 244 P. falciparum participant samples, of which 22 had a vivax microscopy-detected episode during follow-up. Serological exposure markers showed high sensitivity (82%) but low specificity (27%), likely due to sustained antibody responses in moderate-to-high transmission areas or undetected submicroscopic P. vivax infections during follow-up. A study-specific algorithm increased specificity to 68%, but with a corresponding drop in sensitivity to 68%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although P. vivax SEMs showed limited suitability for guiding radical cure in P. falciparum patients in this study (where the outcome was microscopy-detected vivax episodes), they could play a valuable role in building community trust and acceptance of universal radical cure when supported by strong communication and implementation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:25:18Z","timestamp":1773822318000},"page":"e1470-e1479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predicting Risk of\n                    <i>Plasmodium Vivax<\/i>\n                    Microscopy-Detected Episodes Using Serological Markers in Patients With\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    Malaria: A Multicountry Diagnostic Performance Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1221-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maulina","family":"Hafidzah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Global Health Division, WEHI , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Exeins Health Initiative , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamiru Shibiru","family":"Degaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University , Arba Minch ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Shafiul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sharif","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Kevin","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Sutano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Global Health Division, WEHI , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8068-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionne C","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Global Health Division, WEHI , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9341-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisah R","family":"Amelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeins Health Initiative , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rintis","family":"Noviyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, BRIN , Cibinong ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne J","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute , Melbourne, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2000-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ric N","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University , Darwin, NT ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Global Health Division, WEHI , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamala","family":"Thriemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University , Darwin, NT ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhea J","family":"Longley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Global Health Division, WEHI , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195680","article-title":"Global fight against malaria: goals and achievements 1900\u20132022","volume":"13","author":"Thellier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X","article-title":"Key gaps in the knowledge of plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite","volume":"9","author":"Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006230","article-title":"Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries","volume":"12","author":"Recht","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001891","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001891","article-title":"Strategies for understanding and reducing the plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale hypnozoite reservoir in Papua New Guinean children: a randomised placebo-controlled trial and mathematical model","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0141","article-title":"Global epidemiology of plasmodium vivax","volume":"95","author":"Howes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01553-2","article-title":"Primaquine radical cure in patients with plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas co-endemic for P falciparum and plasmodium vivax (PRIMA): a multicentre, open-label, superiority randomised controlled trial","volume":"402","author":"Thriemer","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003393","article-title":"The risk of plasmodium vivax parasitaemia after P. Falciparum malaria: an individual patient data meta-analysis from the WorldWide antimalarial resistance network","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30596-6","article-title":"Risk of plasmodium vivax parasitaemia after plasmodium falciparum infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Commons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01950-5","article-title":"Universal radical cure: prospects and challenges for malaria elimination","volume":"402","author":"Assefa","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0841-4","article-title":"Development and validation of serological markers for detecting recent plasmodium vivax infection","volume":"26","author":"Longley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-297","article-title":"Determinants of relapse periodicity in plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643501","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.643501","article-title":"Application of 23 novel serological markers for identifying recent exposure to plasmodium vivax parasites in an endemic population of western Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Chotirat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04859-5","article-title":"Using serological diagnostics to characterize remaining high-incidence pockets of malaria in forest-fringe Cambodia","volume":"23","author":"Grim\u00e9e","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B14","article-title":"Agreement between serological data on schoolchildren and the number of malaria cases in the remaining high-burden villages of Indonesia","volume":"2:1362585","author":"Kosasih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Malar"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009165","article-title":"Heterogeneity in response to serological exposure markers of recent plasmodium vivax infections in contrasting epidemiological contexts","volume":"15","author":"Rosado","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B16","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238010","article-title":"A comparison of non-magnetic and magnetic beads for measuring IgG antibodies against plasmodium vivax antigens in a multiplexed bead-based assay using Luminex technology (Bio-Plex 200 or MAGPIX)","volume":"15","author":"Mazhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100662","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax malaria serological exposure markers: assessing the degree and implications of cross-reactivity with P. Knowlesi","volume":"3","author":"Longley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102492","article-title":"Serology for plasmodium vivax surveillance: a novel approach to accelerate towards elimination","volume":"87","author":"Tayipto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1784-1","article-title":"Challenges for achieving safe and effective radical cure of plasmodium vivax: a round table discussion of the APMEN Vivax working group","volume":"16","author":"Thriemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.03.009","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax in the era of the shrinking P. falciparum Map","volume":"36","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005888","article-title":"Naturally acquired antibody responses to more than 300 plasmodium vivax proteins in three geographic regions","volume":"11","author":"Longley","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010648","article-title":"Hypnozoite depletion in successive plasmodium vivax relapses","volume":"16","author":"Noviyanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102526","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax \u2013 how hidden reservoirs hinder global malaria elimination","volume":"87","author":"Angrisano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002299","article-title":"Comparison of artemether-lumefantrine and chloroquine with and without primaquine for the treatment of plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Abreha","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00430-9","article-title":"Effect of primaquine dose on the risk of recurrence in patients with uncomplicated plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Commons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061615194862900_jiag164-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz052","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax relapse rates following plasmodium falciparum malaria reflect previous transmission intensity","volume":"220","author":"Ashley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag164\/67386352\/jiag164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/6\/e1470\/67386352\/jiag164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/233\/6\/e1470\/67386352\/jiag164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:19:57Z","timestamp":1781637597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/233\/6\/e1470\/8527080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}}}