{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1791386278242,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM146612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM146612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM124280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM124280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Several vaccines are in development. Identifying a reliable immunological correlate of protection (CoP) would aid vaccine development and evaluation; however, no strong CoP has been established to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the relationships between prechallenge genogroup I, genotype 1 (GI.1) and GII.4 norovirus antibodies and clinical outcomes in two human vaccine-challenge studies. We analyzed genotype-specific histo-blood group antigen blocking titers, serum IgA and IgG, and total antibody ELISA. We used Bayesian regression models to assess relationships between antibody levels and protection against infection, illness, and disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations between antibody titers and protection were generally weak, and varied by genotype and vaccination status. GI.1 antibodies showed the strongest relationships, particularly among vaccinated participants, whereas naturally acquired GI.1 antibodies in unvaccinated individuals were weakly or not associated with protection. In contrast, GII.4 antibodies exhibited weak and inconsistent relationships among vaccinated participants, while unvaccinated participants showed only modest and more stable positive associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently measured serum antibodies do not provide reliable and robust estimates of protection against norovirus clinical outcomes in all settings. Immune markers beyond serum antibody titers should be evaluated to identify more robust correlates of protection for norovirus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:30:24Z","timestamp":1774956624000},"page":"220-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Serum Antibodies as Correlates of Protection Against Norovirus Infection and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-3510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savannah L","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0184-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Zane","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9591-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murphy","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6609-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley","family":"Hemme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L","family":"Atmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David I","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy K","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Koelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin A","family":"Lopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4622-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70767-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B2","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804575","article-title":"Norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"361","author":"Glass","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B4","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.6.709","article-title":"Comparison of three agents of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis by cross-challenge in volunteers","volume":"129","author":"Wyatt","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197707142970204","article-title":"Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent","volume":"297","author":"Parrino","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030226","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to human norovirus infection: an update","volume":"11","author":"Nordgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2354","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2354","article-title":"Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995\u20132019: a comprehensive review of sequences from public databases","volume":"32","author":"Kendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3107.250524","article-title":"Increasing predominance of norovirus GII.17 over GII.4, United States, 2022\u20132025","volume":"31","author":"Barclay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.05.015","article-title":"Advances in norovirus biology","volume":"15","author":"Karst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B12","first-page":"1653","article-title":"Norovirus vaccines: correlates of protection, challenges and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Melhem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900994","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1900994","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between norovirus diversity and immunity","volume":"13","author":"Ford-Siltz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130472","article-title":"Duration of immunity to norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"19","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080407","article-title":"Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria","volume":"8","author":"Prentice","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz227","article-title":"Distinguishing causation from correlation in the use of correlates of protection to evaluate and develop influenza vaccines","volume":"189","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis238","article-title":"Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination","volume":"54","author":"Plotkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081107","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1081107","article-title":"Recent updates on correlates of vaccine-induced protection","volume":"13","author":"Plotkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn0007","article-title":"Using correlates to accelerate vaccinology","volume":"375","author":"Openshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156758","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1156758","article-title":"Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Escudero-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10","article-title":"Correlates of protection induced by vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Plotkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy759","article-title":"Influenza hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer as a mediator of vaccine-induced protection for influenza B","volume":"68","author":"Cowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae615","article-title":"Estimating standard-dose and high-dose Fluzone vaccine efficacies for influenza a based on hemagglutination inhibition titers","volume":"231","author":"Hammerton","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08948-8","article-title":"Correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy","volume":"63","author":"Abu-Raya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1940144","article-title":"Correlates of protection for meningococcal surface protein vaccines: lessons from the past","volume":"21","author":"Findlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101245","article-title":"Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk virus illness","volume":"365","author":"Atmar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00196-15","article-title":"Serological correlates of protection against a GII.4 norovirus","volume":"22","author":"Atmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33661","article-title":"Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals","volume":"122","author":"Marionneau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm860","article-title":"Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Lindesmith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005334","article-title":"Correlates of protection against norovirus infection and disease-where are we now, where do we go?","volume":"12","author":"Ramani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609990113","article-title":"Structural basis for norovirus neutralization by an HBGA blocking human IgA antibody","volume":"113","author":"Shanker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1086\/656364","article-title":"Serological correlate of protection against norovirus-induced gastroenteritis","volume":"202","author":"Reeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa021","article-title":"Humoral and mucosal immune responses to human Norovirus in the elderly","volume":"221","author":"Costantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads0556","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads0556","article-title":"An oral norovirus vaccine tablet was safe and elicited mucosal immunity in older adults in a phase 1b clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Flitter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00251-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00251-20","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of human intestinal enteroids demonstrates the necessity of a functional fucosyltransferase 2 gene for secretor-dependent human norovirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Haga","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20423","article-title":"Norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera","volume":"77","author":"Hutson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21426","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to symptomatic norovirus infection in Nicaragua","volume":"81","author":"Bucardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1086\/339883","article-title":"Norwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type","volume":"185","author":"Hutson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104245","article-title":"ABO blood group-associated susceptibility to norovirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu497","article-title":"Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults","volume":"211","author":"Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.09.073","article-title":"Robust mucosal-homing antibody-secreting B cell responses induced by intramuscular administration of adjuvanted bivalent human norovirus-like particle vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B42","unstructured":"Stan Development Team\n          . Stan modeling language users guide and reference manual. 2024; (Available at: https:\/\/mc-stan.org)"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B44","unstructured":"Ushey \u00a0K, Wickham \u00a0H. Renv: project environments. 2025. (Available at: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/renv\/index.html)"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B45","unstructured":"Gabry \u00a0J, \u010ce\u0161novar \u00a0R, Johnson \u00a0A, et al \u00a0Cmdstanr: R interface to \u2019CmdStan\u2019. 2024. (Available at: https:\/\/github.com\/stan-dev\/cmdstanr)"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B46","unstructured":"Kay \u00a0M\n          . tidybayes: Tidy data and geoms for Bayesian models. 2023. (Available at: http:\/\/mjskay.github.io\/tidybayes\/)"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B47","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner \u00a0P-C, Gabry \u00a0J, Kay \u00a0M, et al \u00a0Posterior: tools for working with posterior distributions. 2024; (Available at: https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/posterior\/)"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1214\/20-BA1221","article-title":"Rank-normalization, folding, and localization: an improved Rhat for assessing convergence of MCMC (with discussion)","volume":"16","author":"Vehtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002921","article-title":"Norovirus immunity and the great escape","volume":"8","author":"Debbink","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026090212170707900_jiag190-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803275105","article-title":"Atomic resolution structural characterization of recognition of histo-blood group antigens by Norwalk virus","volume":"105","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag190\/68115321\/jiag190.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/234\/2\/220\/68115321\/jiag190.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/234\/2\/220\/68115321\/jiag190.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:17:47Z","timestamp":1788365867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/234\/2\/220\/8659242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag190","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}