{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:01:20Z","timestamp":1790190080979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031003","name":"CDC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30122C14944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30122C14944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01IP001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01IP001034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI097150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI097150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AI097150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AI097150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U18IP000170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U18IP000170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01IP000474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01IP000474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI181767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI181767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness in both children and adults, yet its genomic epidemiology remains understudied compared to other respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hybrid capture and whole-genome sequencing were performed on 616 HMPV-positive specimens from 2 cohorts: the household-based HIVE study (2010\u20132022) in Michigan and the multicenter IVY network (2022\u20132025) of hospitalized adults. Consensus sequences were generated using IRMA, clades were annotated using Nextclade, and phylogenetic trees were constructed separately for HMPV-A and HMPV-B using IQ-TREE and TreeTime. Analysis of selection by dN\/dS was performed using SLAC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained complete genomes from 325 specimens. Our analyses revealed the continued predominance of the A2.2.2 clade and little geographic structure in the United States. Genomic diversity was highest in the glycoprotein (G); we identified a shift from variants bearing the 180nt duplication to ones with a 111nt duplication. Phylogenetic analyses supported the duplication-deletion model for the origin of the duplications. The conserved fusion (F) protein showed limited antigenic variation and low rates of nonsynonymous substitutions<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the utility of enhanced genomic surveillance for understanding HMPV evolution and informing vaccine development. There was little genomic diversity in vaccine-targeted epitopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T12:26:09Z","timestamp":1777724769000},"page":"e556-e565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic Surveillance of Human Metapneumovirus in the United States, 2010\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2524-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E","family":"Bendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika Damek","family":"Valvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Truscon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley H","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research and Department of 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9640-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basmah","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adit A","family":"Ginde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, School of Medicine , Denver, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ithan D","family":"Peltan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center , Murray, Utah ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, 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