{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:01:17Z","timestamp":1790190077251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-043618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-043618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2025377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2025377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012661","name":"Menzies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020687","name":"Australian Centre for Research Excellence in Malaria Elimination","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1134989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1134989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasmodium vivax is the predominant cause of malaria in South Asia. P. vivax cases have fallen over the past decade, but cross-border transmission remains a major challenge to elimination. Genetic data can generate valuable insights into transmission; however, until now, only low-resolution data have been available from Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. We piloted high-resolution genotyping using a new microhaplotype (multiallelic) assay to monitor P. vivax transmission across borders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genotyping was conducted using the 93-microhaplotype vivaxGEN panel on P. vivax parasites collected from patients enrolled in clinical trials in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal between 2013 and 2023. These data were compared with open-access microhaplotype and genomic data derived from Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan between 2014 and 2024. Complexity and relatedness (identity by descent [IBD]) were determined within and between countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-quality genotyping data were generated for Nepal (n = 19), Bhutan (n = 27), and Bangladesh (n = 35); comparative data were sourced from Afghanistan (n = 159), India (n = 24), and Pakistan (n = 213). High-complexity infections were observed in 27.04% (43\/159) of isolates from Afghanistan, 16.43% (35\/213) from Pakistan, and 28.57% (10\/35) from Bangladesh. Low prevalence of high-complexity infections was observed in Bhutan (3.70%; 1\/27) and Nepal (5.26%; 1\/19), suggesting lower superinfection or co-infection. Country-wide IBD analyses revealed 3 genetic clusters partitioning Bangladesh and Bhutan (partial) from the remaining countries. There were 2 subpopulations in Bhutan, which separated local and cross-border imported cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results highlight the use of regional high-resolution genetic data to enhance monitoring of transmission intensity and cross-border importations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:02:44Z","timestamp":1778760164000},"page":"e671-e680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Evidence of Cross-Border\n                    <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                    Spread in a Malaria Pre-elimination Region of South 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