{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:44:51Z","timestamp":1792025091275,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["089102\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["089102\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GSK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a first-in-human, phase 1, randomized controlled trial, a bivalent conjugate vaccine (Vi-CRM197 \u00a0+ O:2 CRM197) elicited robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) and bactericidal activity against vaccine-homologous Salmonella Paratyphi A strain. To further characterize the immune response, we assessed O:2 antigen-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses as markers of mucosal immunity and early immune activation, and evaluated serum bactericidal activity against diverse S Paratyphi A isolates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trial (NCT05613205) was conducted in 3 steps. For this exploratory analysis, 46 participants (mean age 27.2 years; 67.4% women) from Step 2 who received 2 full doses of Vi-CRM197 \u00a0+ O:2 CRM197 vaccine with and without aluminum hydroxide (alum) 169 days apart were considered. O:2-specific IgA\/IgM responses and bactericidal antibodies were assessed. Geometric mean titers and concentrations and within-participant geometric mean ratios were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both formulations induced strong anti-O:2 IgA\/IgM responses and bactericidal activity, with higher responses in the nonadjuvanted group. At day 29 post\u2013dose 1, IgA rose 74.14- and 16.65-fold (without vs with alum), remaining well above baseline through day 197. The nonadjuvanted formulation induced significantly higher IgA responses and bactericidal activity at day 29 (P &amp;lt; .05). Anti-O:2 IgM strongly correlated with bactericidal antibodies against homologous and heterologous strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vaccine effectively induced O:2-specific IgA, IgM, and bactericidal antibodies against diverse S Paratyphi A isolates, indicating potential broad protection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05613205.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1780055311000},"page":"e786-e796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Typhoid\u2013Paratyphoid Conjugate Vaccine Against Diverse\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Paratyphi A Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Carducci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l. , Siena ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanna","family":"Sarakinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l. , Siena 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