{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:45:05Z","timestamp":1792025105668,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["095909\/Z\/11\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["095909\/Z\/11\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Health Innovation and Technology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1108403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1108403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2014-StG 639776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2014-StG 639776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150182210039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150182210039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the influence of gametocyte dynamics on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum from humans to mosquitoes may support malaria elimination initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal parasitemia, gametocytemia, and mosquito transmission data from 91 participants in 9 controlled human malaria infection studies conducted in Brisbane, Australia (n = 8) and Nijmegen, the Netherlands (n = 1) were analyzed to explore the relationship of parasite and participant characteristics on gametocytes and transmission. Transmission potential estimated using Poisson probabilities was compared to transmission to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes assessed using direct and membrane feeding assays across 5 clinical trials and 30 participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maximum gametocyte density over time per participant was positively correlated with asexual parasitemia at time of first treatment (\u03c1 minimum = 0.44, maximum = 0.89). Median maximum gametocyte densities occurring 19\u201321 days postinoculation were 1087 gametocytes\/mL for female and 219 gametocytes\/mL for male gametocytes. Both female and male gametocyte densities were higher among individuals who infected mosquitoes, as were pretreatment parasite growth rates and parasite densities. Infectivity rates varied between 53% and 54% for direct skin, 29% and 33% for direct membrane, 54% and 100% for membrane after serum replacement, and 89% and 100% for enriched membrane feeding assays. Potential for transmission was correctly predicted for 71%\u201374% of direct feeding assays and 50%\u201378% of membrane after serum replacement feeding assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirms that transmissible gametocyte densities can be consistently achieved in controlled infections. Higher asexual densities and growth rates were associated with higher gametocyte densities and higher transmission. Detailed understanding of how low-level gametocytemia contributes to transmission will guide both experimental infection studies and interventions to interrupt transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:36:31Z","timestamp":1781613391000},"page":"e962-e974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing the Circulation of Gametocytes and Mosquito Infectivity in Induced Blood Stage Malaria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Marquart-Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Infection and Inflammation Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8906-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Alkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine A","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Infection and Inflammation Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjerstin","family":"Lanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Infection and Inflammation Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0564-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Population Health Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5209-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Population Health Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1066-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget E","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Infection and Inflammation Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teun","family":"Bousema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Infection and Inflammation Program, , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Infection and Global Health Division, , Melbourne, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac169","article-title":"Asymptomatic school-aged children are important drivers of malaria transmission in a high endemicity setting in Uganda","volume":"226","author":"Rek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv596","article-title":"Numerical distributions of parasite densities during asymptomatic malaria","volume":"213","author":"Imwong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa157","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to compare Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and infectivity after blood-stage or mosquito bite-induced controlled malaria infection","volume":"224","author":"Alkema","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98012","article-title":"A controlled human malaria infection model enabling evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions","volume":"128","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31549","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31549","article-title":"A randomized feasibility trial comparing four antimalarial drug regimens to induce Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in the controlled human malaria infection model","volume":"7","author":"Reuling","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e657","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa368","article-title":"A phase 1, placebo-controlled, randomized, single ascending dose study and a volunteer infection study to characterize the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antimalarial activity of the Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitor MMV390048","volume":"71","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003203","article-title":"Safety and parasite clearance of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection: a pilot and a randomised volunteer infection study in Australia","volume":"17","author":"Watts","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac503","article-title":"Transmission blocking activity of low-dose tafenoquine in healthy volunteers experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"76","author":"Webster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97282-y","article-title":"Transmissibility of a new Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 bank for use in malaria volunteer infection studies evaluating transmission blocking interventions","volume":"15","author":"Lynch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005139","article-title":"Safety and reproducibility of a clinical trial system using induced blood stage Plasmodium vivax infection and its potential as a model to evaluate malaria transmission","volume":"10","author":"Griffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042821","article-title":"Mosquito feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers","volume":"7","author":"Bousema","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34463","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34463","article-title":"Predicting the likelihood and intensity of mosquito infection from sex specific Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density","volume":"7","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.554","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"42","author":"Gouagna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.09.008","article-title":"Human immune responses that reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in African populations","volume":"41","author":"Bousema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.711","article-title":"Human antibody responses to epitopes on the Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigen PFS 48\/45 and their relationship to infectivity of gametocyte carriers","volume":"46","author":"Graves","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010015","article-title":"Chloroquine\/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for Gambian children with malaria: transmission to mosquitoes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"1","author":"Hallett","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.08.027","article-title":"Modulation of transmission success of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes (sexual stages) in various species of Anopheles by erythrocytic asexual stage parasites","volume":"176","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02122-5","article-title":"Plasmodium sex determination and transmission to mosquitoes","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B19","first-page":"3721","article-title":"Density-dependent impact of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratio on mosquito infection rates","volume":"276","author":"Mitri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz420","article-title":"qRT-PCR versus IFA-based quantification of male and female gametocytes in low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections and their relevance for transmission","volume":"221","author":"Gruenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.12.001","article-title":"Gametocyte sex ratio: the key to understanding Plasmodium falciparum transmission?","volume":"35","author":"Tadesse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01837-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01837-18","article-title":"DSM265 at 400 milligrams clears asexual stage parasites but not mature gametocytes from the blood of healthy subjects experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"63","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01371-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01371-19","article-title":"A single-dose combination study with the experimental antimalarials artefenomel and DSM265 to determine safety and antimalarial activity against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum in healthy volunteers","volume":"64","author":"McCarthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01423-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01423-20","article-title":"Defining the antimalarial activity of cipargamin in healthy volunteers experimentally infected with blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"65","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw128","article-title":"Piperaquine monotherapy of drug-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum infection results in rapid clearance of parasitemia but is followed by the appearance of gametocytemia","volume":"214","author":"Pasay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B26","unstructured":"Bousema T, Alkema M, Reuling IJ, et al \u00a0A randomized clinical trial to compare P. falciparum gametocytaemia and infectivity following blood-stage or mosquito bite induced controlled malaria infection. Dryad [preprint, not peer-reviewed]. Posted online 30 March 2022, Available at: 10.5061\/dryad.vq83bk3nq. Accessed 13 April 2022."},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03717-y","article-title":"Analytical validation of a real-time hydrolysis probe PCR assay for quantifying Plasmodium falciparum parasites in experimentally infected human adults","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00379-6","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in vivo by real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"118","author":"Hermsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03291-9","article-title":"Assays for quantification of male and female gametocytes in human blood by qRT-PCR in the absence of pure sex-specific gametocyte standards","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2584-y","article-title":"A multiplex assay for the sensitive detection and quantification of male and female Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes","volume":"17","author":"Meerstein-Kessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2382-6","article-title":"Assessing Plasmodium falciparum transmission in mosquito-feeding assays using quantitative PCR","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B32","first-page":"963","article-title":"Growth rate of Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of parasite growth data from malaria volunteer infection studies","volume":"221","author":"Wockner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4354","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum: infectivity of cultured, synchronized gametocytes to mosquitoes","volume":"91","author":"Lensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1584-z","article-title":"Comparison of molecular quantification of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by Pfs25 qRT-PCR and QT-NASBA in relation to mosquito infectivity","volume":"15","author":"Pett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-291","article-title":"A review of the effects of artemether-lumefantrine on gametocyte carriage and disease transmission","volume":"13","author":"Makanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90447-4","article-title":"The mosquito transmission of malaria: the effects of atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) and chloroquine","volume":"94","author":"Enosse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030346","article-title":"Targeting gametocytes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in a functional genomics era: next steps","volume":"10","author":"Chawla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00072-4","article-title":"Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: a longitudinal, observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Andolina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00671-20","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00671-20","article-title":"Novel method for the separation of male and female gametocytes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that enables biological and drug discovery","volume":"5","author":"Ridgway","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026101419592222700_jiag301-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Sun","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.28.25339021"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag301\/68538106\/jiag301.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/234\/4\/e962\/68538106\/jiag301.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/234\/4\/e962\/68538106\/jiag301.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:59:34Z","timestamp":1792022374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/234\/4\/e962\/8709360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiag301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}}}