{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:17:03Z","timestamp":1793236623404,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32AI007524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MH134741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MH134741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryptosporidium is an important cause of moderate to severe diarrhea among children aged &amp;lt;5 years, with the highest burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Cryptosporidium is highly climate sensitive, yet there has been no published literature projecting the incidence of Cryptosporidium under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa, where vulnerability to climate change is highest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilizing monthly case counts of Cryptosporidium from 2 case-control studies in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali, we modeled the relationship among monthly temperature, precipitation, and vulnerability factors with Cryptosporidium incidence by study site using bayesian network models. Global climate models were then used to project temperature and precipitation at each site in 2040 and 2055 under 2 emission scenarios. Future Cryptosporidium incidence was estimated by projected climate and future vulnerability scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global climate models predict increasing temperatures at all sites and increasing rainfall in Kenya under all scenarios. Incidence of Cryptosporidium per 10 000 children is predicted to change by \u221216.93% (range, \u221224.84% to 8.92%), \u22124.34% (range, \u221224.50% to 9.70%), and 24.81% (range, 10.41%\u201344.06%) in Kenya, Mali, and The Gambia, respectively, from baseline (2007\u20132015) to 2055 under high carbon emissions. These estimates are influenced by future vulnerability levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of climate change on Cryptosporidium incidence will be location and climate specific; however, whether or not vulnerability factors remain stable will have a strong influence on what future Cryptosporidium looks like. Prioritizing development in areas with the highest burden of climate-sensitive health outcomes can mitigate the impact of climate change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:45:05Z","timestamp":1781783105000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Projected Impact of Climate Change on the Burden of\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n                    in Mali, Kenya, and The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0152-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Kowalcyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland , 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Development\u2013Mali , Bamako"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8415-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Jahangir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland , 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